Report Card Essay

The discovery of the computer was the great function of modernity for different to make work easier, more capable, and more adaptable for the humanity. It has brought a new level of knowledge that became the new standard in the industry. It made the school more efficient for students and provided path to communicate to entire earth. Nowadays, computer base system is commonly used by every company and institution and one of this is computerized report card system. The grade of a student is a scale which determines students who need more improvement and require more assistance which will help teachers in guiding them towards their development. It also shows where students excel most so they can be honed and encouraged to continue their good work, improve more, and aim higher. At the end, it will be the reference for the judgment of whether a student can step up to a higher level of learning or remain to be polished. From these reasons, it is clearly concluded how important it is to make sure that the grades of the students are accurately calculated and safely stored in a well-founded database. It is understood that in the traditional grading system, where only calculators and papers are present, it is very difficult and time-consuming to compute grades. Errors are more likely to occur and papers are not very reliable form of database. It is very stressful to calculate grades and check them repeatedly from one record to another. With the use of the Report Card Inventory System, the teachers will only have to input the raw grades of the students and the system will be the one to do the storing of files. This Report Card Inventory System can provide the good service of accurate and secured compilation of grades to those hard-working teachers.

How far can metrosexual men go?

Metrosexuals are well-educated, sensitive and straight urban dwellers keeping touch with his feminine side. They usually go for manicure and could even have their hair taken care of by stylists and not the barbers. These men love shopping and even wear jewelry. Their bathroom counters are full of male products that include moisturizers and some makeup. They work on their physiques at fitness clubs as opposed to gyms and this appearance gets them a lot of attention that delights them. Metrosexuals are mostly found in large cities especially media centers. There is however imitations and experimenting among men in other smaller cities.These men have a great concern for how they appear. Their lifestyle displays characteristics stereotypically linked to gay men. â€Å"Metrosexuality† traces its origin from an article by Mark Simpson in â€Å"The Independent† in 1994. He described a metrosexual man as one who has high income and lives or works in the city, where he can find the best shops. Metrosexual men are proving to be among the best markets for cosmetic products in the decade. In 1980s, these men were only found in fashion magazines, TV ads or gay bars. Later in the 1990s they were allover and even doing their shopping.The trend The term’s popularity rose after Simpson wrote another article â€Å"Meet the metrosexual. † Euro RCSG Worldwide, an advertising firm, immediately adopted this term for marketing studies. Some careers have been known to attract metrosexual men. They include music, media, table waiting and modeling. Popularity of this metrosexuality rose following increased integration of gays into society and a decline in taboos towards those deviating from masculinity notions. Shortly after, Canada, Belgium, some US states and Holland enacted legislation for gay marriages.Metrosexuality aroused a lot of curiosity when a marketing agency tried exploring the changing face of American men. According to this research titled, â⠂¬Å"The Future of Men: USA,† there is a new clique of men who reject traditional male roles and do as they please no matter what the society thinks about them. The media and male magazines such as Maxim and FHM have greatly influenced men to become metrosexuals. They have devoted a lot of their space to fashion. They encourage the men to dress fashionably. Homosexuals are also believed to have contributed towards metrosexuality.Despite metrosexuals being totally heterosexual, the homosexual movement helped in the society accepting an effeminate lifestyle and characteristics. Consequently, the society is now very comfortable with homosexuality. Displaying it on television is no longer a taboo since the heterosexual males are now comfortable with the homosexuality culture. Metrosexual men are more sensitive and effeminate than their fathers were. They are have shown willingness to push the restrictive gender boundaries defining what in masculine and what is feminine and still co nsider themselves â€Å"real men.† Metrosexual men are secure in their sexuality. Pedicures and facials do not make them less heterosexual or less masculine. Research has revealed that 43 per cent of men are not satisfied with their general appearance. Sixty-three per cent of them are particularly not happy with their abdomens. This leads to their seeking the services of cosmetic surgeons for minor aesthetic operations. Abdominal liposuction for wiping out love handles has become very popular. Lip augmentation surgeries and Botox injections have also become very popular among men.Opting for cosmetic surgery among men is usually a last resort in improving their personal appearance. They dress well, groom well and move to cosmetic surgery. These procedures include laser skin resurfacing, chin augmentation and eyelid surgery. Sometimes metrosexual men’s preoccupation with personal appearance can take to the extremes. It can interfere with schoolwork, career and relationsh ips. This is where a therapist’s advice should be sought to create a healthy and more sensible approach to personal appearance. All men, regardless of their sexual orientation, are developing a big interest in their personal appearance.They visit hairdressers instead of barbers. They also avoid the use of soap because they say it is harsh on the skins, go to the gyms instead of sports, and find it difficult to decide what to wear. They spend a lot of time on the mirror, in boutiques and bars instead of pubs. They also dance at night clubs and go to salons. Marketers have responded to this trend by dropping the macho element from all the products that target men. Tough male images have completely been done away with even on car and beer advertisements. Fashion chains for men are increasing.Some women’s stores like Esprit have launched products for men as well. Men’s magazines have their fashion coverage since more ads are coming in. Fashion and grooming adverts f or FHM, a men’s magazine, have been increasing for the past three years. Two decades, vanity, skin care and male fashion were identified with homosexuals. This has now been abandoned. Even the workplace has experienced changes for men. The growing number of white collar workers brings with it the need for good appearance. For effective competition in the work environment, one must take care of his body, cut his hair neatly and dress well.Even beer marketers are using a less masculine tone in communicating with men. They have also changed the how they buy their electronic goods, cars and home ware. In buying of electronic goods, for instance, men are no longer interested in the traditional male attributes such as gadgetry and technical features. Instead they follow what could be called female attributes such as the store’s environment, service and other intangible attributes. Vehicle advertisers are emphasizing more on the people driving and their feelings and not the v ehicle’s physical specifications (Trubo, 2008). Proponents’ viewTraditionally, men are supposed to avoid feminity, restrict their emotions, disconnect sex from intimacy, pursue achievement and status and be self reliant, aggressive and homophobic. However, statistics have shown that pursuing achievement and status has lost its importance compared to how it was in the past. Restricting emotions and disconnecting emotions from intimacy is no longer important to men either. Men do not find sexual freedom enthralling any more. The modern man shows less avoidance of femininity and embraces attitudes and customs that were stereotypically a reserve for women.Masculinity has had a considerable shift over the years. The modern concept of masculinity is very different from that of ancient times. Certain aspects of modern style and behavior perceived as feminine were actually masculine in the past. They include jewelry and makeup. Feminity came to conquer masculinity and the latt er became restricted (Simpson, 2002). Metrosexuality is seen as a counter-reaction against this change. Some men have a feeling that they are too restricted within their gender roles. It is a way of establishing more equality between men and women by shifting towards androgyny.Cultural and attitude changes towards masculinity have led to changes in the conservative masculine norms. This can often be seen in the media, especially TV shows Culture and the environment had to change for the metrosexual men to start appearing. According to Simpson, gays gave the initial prototype for metrosexuals. Media has played a major role in portraying metrosexuality as straight. It has bought them out as heterosexual men keeping touch with their feminine side. They coordinate colors, are deeply concerned about exfoliation and are manscaped.Consumer culture encouraged men to go shopping, buy magazines and spend freely to improve appearance. Consumer capitalism has helped in doing away with unmoistur ised, repressed and old-fashioned heterosexuality in favor of metrosexuality. The conservative, self-denying, straight and modest man did not do much shopping. He had a duty to earn money to be spent by his wife. He was substituted by a different kind, who has more interest in his image than his so called identity. This metrosexual man is more concerned at how he is being looked at.This man has been so much sought by the advertisers. Some people are of the view that metrosexuality is a phenomenon that just occurred naturally. Metrosexuality will very soon become our everyday vocabulary. Being metrosexual should not be treated as wrong. Those against metrosexuality use stereotypes to argue out their stand. Such stereotypes expect men to be insensitive, cold-hearted, thug-looking and grungy, which is not the reality. Ironically, many respected icons like Diddy, Usher and Kanye West are actually metrosexual but are role models to many.When we look at individuals who embrace metrosexual ity, we notice that they do not attach themselves to gender norms of the society. But clearly, metrosexuals are making an attempt to be different and find who they really are. This mindset is as old as mankind. Every society has a small group of people who look at what is normal for only a specific time before creating a different â€Å"normal† to express themselves. In most cases, this bears fruit in cinema, art and music. In the society, men and women expected to follow specific guidelines for their gender.Failure to following these rules qualifies one to be labeled as an outcast. Despite the society accepting metrosexuality in men, it is still hesitating in allowing heterosexuals to create a unique guideline to be followed. The opponents’ view By the society accepting and integrating homosexuality, many strange cultural customs have been created. On the other hand, metrosexuality has caused even greater havoc but silently. It has been argued that metrosexuals act ga y, causing social interaction problems since they are straight with identity issues. This eventually starts affecting even family lives.Divorce rates are on the increase since men cannot keep their word and women having to take up men’s jobs. Great leaders world over have encouraged strong family institutions. They argue that these are the foundations of strong civilization. But since families are breaking up, the society will also follow the same course. Opponents assert that metrosexuality has had a great impact on dating nowadays. Dating is today a complicated ritual more often than not ending up in heartbreaks rather than providing a learning experience for those involved. Worse still, many cannot find dates while others play around with other people’s hearts.Others engage in dangerous sexual behavior. It is argued that if women acted like women and men like men, the laws of attraction would take effect and make relationships interesting and healthy. Men must be de cisive, driven but understanding while women must be caring, delightful, free and loyal. This balance can never find a replication in any other way (Serio, 2006). It is common for men and women to go the same salons, wear the same jeans, watch sports together and share beer. They even watch the same movies. Opponents of metrosexuality argue that this phenomenon spells disaster.They refer to it as â€Å"unisexification. † These opponents have linked unisexification to the society’s downfall. They further claim that as men behave like wassies and women become more aggressive, a platform is created that causes family break-ups, gender role reversal and dysfunctional relationships. Kids end up growing in mental and emotional problems. This could lead to more drug abuse and violence. Earlier civilizations knew it. They depicted that the balance is vital for opposites. They argue that if all things were the same, life would be unbearable.Gender equality does not exist. Gende r roles exist and there is a whole lot of difference between the genders. This is in terms of their biological, mental and emotional attributes. These attributes are the foundation of a strong society. They balance and stabilize families, relationships, work, schools and homes (Serio, 2006). People should therefore be themselves. Men should act like they ought to and ladies should behave like ladies should (Serio, 2006). Conclusion The issue of metrosexuality is complex and controversial. There are two arguments about this issue.On is a strong proponent for metrosexuality while the other is opposed to it. One thing remains clear though. The society has changed tremendously over the ages and will continue changing. Some aspects of the society that were so important in ancient ages have now found themselves in oblivion in the modern world. This is because they could not work for today’s society. Traditionally, men and women have particular gender roles. It is evident that these roles have been changing with time to keep up with the world’s advancements. Also, men were stereotypically associated with certain attributes.These were meant to distinguish them from women. They included acting tough, cold-hearted and generally in control. Women were also assigned specific attributes that identified them as ladies. They included being soft, caring, loyal, and supportive and so on. In today’s society, these notions cannot apply in their entirety. This has given rise to the concept of metrosexuality. Metrosexual men are only trying to find themselves. As a matter of fact the future is metrosexual. Gone are the days when men and women alike were restricted to particular gender attributes.People should be allowed to be themselves, and metrosexuality is one such way. There is no doubt therefore that metrosexuality has a future. Reference Coad, D (2008) Gender, Sexuality and Sport Suny Press Flockner, (2004). Metrosexual. Emece Editores Serio, L. (2006):M etrosexuals and the downfall of society, retrieved from www. diserio. com, on November 20, 2008 Simpson, M. (2002). Meet the metrosexual, retrieved from http://www. salon. com, on June 22, 2002. The Age Company (2008)Rise of the Metrosexual, retrieved from www. theage. com, on November 20, 2008 Trubo, R. (2008)Metrosexuals: It’s a Guy Thing; Medicine Net .

Compare and Contrast. Russia and Japan

Both Japan and Russia experienced a major economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The government played a major role in both countries economic growth due to their support in industrialization and economic succession.Government support in order to build up industrial production systems, such as factories and infrastructure was heavy in both nations and resulted in radical political change, however they ways in which the two countries achieved their development goals differed in some aspects, for example, Russian industry did not require government support in getting raw materials for production like Japanese industries did.During At the time both countries were far behind in the global race to industrialize and desperately desired to catch up. This motivated the two governments to take drastic measures to catch up, but with the exception of a few basic principles they did so in very different ways.Russia, officially referred to as the Soviet Union at the t ime was under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. He industrialized using a tightly regulated system known as The First Five-Year Plan. This plan included many laws, the establishment of production quotas, collective farms, and established heavy government regulation over the economy.It was successful in industrializing Russia at a whirlwind pace with the creation of many factories and huge technological advancements, but at a large cost of the lives and freedom of many Russian peasants. The collective farms failed to produce a food supply sufficient to feed the people resulting in widespread starvation.Japanese emperor Meiji played a large role in the economic development of Japan, as Stalin did in the USSR, but he did so in a very different way. Meiji created state-sponsored factories that were paid for largely with revenue from tax increases imposed on the citizens.However his reforms were broad scope and encompassed many aspects of life. For example, he ended the feudal system in J apan and introduced a modern Westernized system, a very different social change than that of Stalin who pushed his citizens further into poverty.With an increase in industrial production and economic progress, the need for resources also increases, and that was a challenge both countries had to face but dealt with differently according to their needs and the resources they had within their borders. In Japan the demand for resources such as coal and metals needed to fuel production exceeded the resources that could be recovered from its own islands.This lead to a series of imperialistic  military conquests of foreign lands that were brutally colonized in order to export as many raw materials as possible to the industrial factories of Japan. Russia was able to keep the supply of materials flowing into their production lines by obtaining resources from regions within the country.The areas of resources were far from industrial centers so transportation infrastructure had to be built i n order to get the raw materials into factories. The government created projects such as the Trans-Siberian Railroad, with workers sourced from labor camps containing political prisoners and prisoners of war.The life span of these dispensable workers was very short because of the harsh working conditions and poor treatment. In order to feed their industrial production lines the raw materials they needed, both countries went to great lengths to obtain the needed resources, killing countless numbers of civilians in the process.In conclusion the government played a heavy role in economic progress for both nations resulting in huge loses of civilian life, but they spurred on development in different ways. The methods of industrialization each country used set up the stage for how each would interact globally from then on, especially in WWII.

Response to classmates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to classmates - Coursework Example Ensuring employee retention is desirable as it reduces the costs of recruiting, hiring, and training employees (Janovsky, 2009). You, however, did not actually answer the question requiring explaining of the responsibilities of director personnel. I think you meant to say that the director personnel works to minimize turnover costs and ensure hiring of skilled and experienced workers in order to maintain the company’s competitive advantage. I also think that Otto needs to review the current appraisal process, implement a preferred process, and train employees about its use. I do not find any relevance in the first part of the question requiring department directors’ responsibilities. The second part is relevant as it proposes periodic reviews and notifications to employees prior to evaluations. Notifying employees about appraisals enables them to prepare lists of their attributes before the evaluation date (Clarke, 2011). Hiring the right people whose objectives rhyme with those of the organization is one of the best ways of curbing employee turnover (Xiaoyan & Erhua, 2013). I agree with you that other aspects such as proper training, competitive compensation package, and creating a conducive work environment are critical for employee retention. The factors that motivate employees are the primary requirements for encouraging employees to continue serving a company for a long time (Clarke, 2011). You argued that the rate of turnover can be reduced if employees are satisfied with the appraisal form. I think you wanted to emphasize on the both the content of the form and the process of appraisal; however, you concentrated on the process of appraisal that uses electronic form. The content of the appraisal form should cover several attributes to ensure that employees find at least where to fit in. The personnel manager should investigate whether all employees

Using Secondary Sources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Using Secondary Sources - Assignment Example LOCH ET AL: (excited) In addition to that, the public  is well acquainted  with most happening around the world by the  help  of social networks that  are encompassed  within the social media. This  has been achievable  by the use of the internet, television and even the radio (Loch et al, 2003, 26). This is common among the youths and students unlike among the older generation of people. DUBAI SCHOOL: (with authority) I thought that with globalization and the coming up social media the world would be a better place but things have changed.  A part from the  business  industry  that has benefited from social media, the other sectors are on the verge of losing and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (Dubai school, 2011, 23). ALFAWZAN: (laughing) that is right. An  excellent  example would be the  spread  of social evils that are on the  rise  within communities around the world among the young generation.  Social media and its effects have contributed to the widespread of pornographic materials,  usage  of drugs and  other,  ill  related motives such as cheating. LOCH ET AL: (nodding his head) that may be  right  but, people must also look at benefits of social media. For example, people have gotten to share information on various issues that  touch  their lives. Through this, these people have been able to live  better  lives that those that they were living†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Loch et al, 2003, 29). DUBAI SCHOOL: (interrupting) Social media have touched many lives in communities around the world. Acquisition of mobile phones has also seen the free and  fast  flow of information; a  thing  that has led to the  exposure  of many anomalies within the society (Dubai school, 2011, 15). In regard to the Arab world that has seen mass action recently, it can be concluded that much of the social media was among the factors that led to proliferation of many  demonstration  in such countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ALFAWZAN  :( interrupting) When it

Discuss the impact on businesses throughout the world if the European Essay

Discuss the impact on businesses throughout the world if the European Union were to partially disintegrate - Essay Example Thus, the main themes of the study will primarily focus upon this broad factor. Additionally, the main parameter that will be addressed in this particular essay will broadly reflect upon the possible amount of impacts that can prove to provide certain advantages or disadvantages in the near future to global business. A Report on the European Union For centuries, Britain has been able to develop itself in an economic manner by way of being an outward looking and an open country. In today’s scenario, the economy holds a high level of worldwide integration. Great Britain is considered to collect annual revenue of US$386,463 million which puts the country in a very dominant position (Cable News Network, 2013). The UK is considered to be the world's fifth major exporter of services and goods and the country is able to attract considerable amount of foreign direct investment as compared to any other European nation. Besides, it has been studied that the European Union (EU) is one of the largest exporters, investor and importers in the world. It has also been realized that there are lots of broad prospects of exports in the years to come. The member states of the EU strongly believe in the concept of absorption of capital and its proper utilization in order to maximize return on investment (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2013). This aspect can only be made possible when a nation becomes fully engaged in different types of business activities. The EU member states are very well versed with the business concepts and are able to perform the broad functions of the business at large. The EU member states are also very much divergent in performing the broad business activities with other foreign countries. The countries in this broad region seem to inculcate its broad business activities in the most operational sectors such as agriculture, media and audio-visual, automotive industry, business related services, biotechnology, communication and chemicals to name a fe w. In addition, the EU comprises of various other broad businesses that result in increased amount of business activities (European Small Business Portal, n.d.). The EU has been able to achieve all round sustainability in the overall context of business along with development to a very large extent. For the purpose of fulfilment of the business objectives, it has also been able to provide various business opportunities to numerous countries. Greece, Spain and the UK are some of the few countries which have been benefitted by integrating their economy with other EU member states. These countries have been benefitted as they were provided with ample amount of opportunities to expand as an ideal nation in terms of business. Large volume of exports along with imports has been able to provide classified measures in order to develop itself as a strong business destination. In addition, the

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Marketing plan - Essay Example Second part discusses the international marketing plan and third is the recommendation. Nestle SA is a multinational company that has been successful in holding business in many parts of the world. As a matter of expansion, it is planning to enter a new territory. How they will enter the territory and its marketing strategies will be discussed in this paper. Nestle SA is the holding company of Nestle Group that is based in Switzerland. It was founded by Henri Nestle whose name is retained as company’s name. Its main activities are the development and production of food and beverages. Nestle Group manages the food and beverage activities in three geographical areas (Europe, America and Asia, Oceania and Africa), and globally for Nestle Water, Nestle Nutrition, and other food and beverages). As of 2012, company has employed 328,000 people worldwide and earned CHF 92.2 billion. (Reuters. 2015). Top 3 competitors to Nestle are Mars, Inc., Danone and Mondelez, International, Inc. Company mission of â€Å"Good food, good life† is to provide consumers with the best tasting, most nutritious choices in a wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning to night.†(Reuters. 2015) Discussion about relevant historical developments of India, in this paper, starts in the 19th wherein it was reigned by Great Britain. It was granted independence in 1947 after years of non-violent resistance was staged by its leader Gandhi. Earlier years were not peaceful, since after gaining independence, it was disturbed by three wars with neighboring countries, and the last one was in 1971 that resulted to the separation of Pakistan and India. There were nuclear threats in 1988 and a terrorists attack in Mumbai on the same year. (CIA Worldfactbook, 2015). Country remained calm after this. India’s growth started in 1991 after a series of economic

Code of Professional Conduct Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Professional Conduct - Case Study Example These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An Audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. The company recorded land purchased at $100,000 at appraiser's value of $700,000 in violation of generally accepted accounting principles that such land should be recorded at historical cost of $100,000 only. In our opinion, except for the violation of the generally accepted accounting principles on proper recording of land, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material aspects, the financial position of Graham Company as of December 31, 20XY, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. W... January 10, 20XY ADVERSE OPINION AUDITOR'S REPORT Scope Section We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Graham Company as of December 31, 20XY, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An Audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Middle Section The company recorded land purchased at $100,000 at appraiser's value of $700,000 in violation of generally accepted accounting principles that such land should be recorded at historical cost of $100,000 only.Opinion sectionIn our opinion, because of the material effects of the violation of generally accepted accounting principles in the recording of land, the financial statements referred to above do not present fairly the financial position of Graham Company as of December 31, 20XY, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended. Los Angeles, California

Law on Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law on Euthanasia - Essay Example A common method of active euthanasia is the administering of barbiturates or sleeping pills. The distinction between passive and active euthanasia can be summed up as actually doing something to bring about the death of a patient or doing nothing to save the patient's life. Predictably, euthanasia is the subject of much debate as it generates emotional consideration of moral and social values making it difficult for judges in the U.K. to formulate and adhere to a strict legal code. Each case has to be decided on its own merits. Each time social and moral issues have to be delicately balanced against the applicable law. In 1993, Lord Browne-Wilkinson in the House of Lords, explained that, "The judges' function in this area of the law should be to apply the principles which society, through the democratic process, adopts, not to impose their standards on society. If Parliament fails to act, then judge-made law will of necessity through a gradual and uncertain process provide a legal answer to each new question as it arises. But in my judgment that is not the best way to proceed."(Airedale N.H.S. Trust v Bland 1993) Lord Browne-Wilkinson went on to say, "For these reasons, it seems to me imperative that the moral, social and legal issues raised by this case should be considered by Parliament. " (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993) Public opinion is sharply divided in cases of euthanasia. There are those opposed to any form of euthanasia on the grounds that it requires passing judgments on the quality of the patient's life. The opponents to euthanasia conclude that refusing to administer medical treatment to a patient or actively discontinuing a patient's medical treatment is morally wrong. On the other hand, those in favor of euthanasia argue that the patient is only suffering with no relief in sight, and therefore to keep the patient alive when he is for all intents and purposes, dead, is morally wrong. This is the moral and social background that makes it difficult for courts to apply strict legal guidelines. The moral and social implications were considered in both Re A [2000] HRLR 721 and Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789. In Bland's case on appeal to the House of Lords, Lord Geoff said "This is because the question is not whether it is in the best interests of the patient that he should die. The question is whether it is in the best interests of the patient that his life should be prolonged by the continuance of this form of medical treatment or care." (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC) By saying this, Lord Geoff dispensed with the moral issue and identified the applicable legal principle upon the issue of euthanasia rests. Is it in the patient's best interests to that his life should b prolonged by continuing with the medical treatment. The court and the law is not concerned with social implications or moral values. The court and the law is only concerned with the patient himself. What is best for him, as opposed to society will guide the court. To better understand this application of legal principles and the disposal of moral

Contemporary Developments in EC Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Developments in EC Law - Case Study Example The arbitrator's decision in such matters was held to be legally binding without providing the right of appeal. The EEC Treaty - Article 118a states that the Member States should pay particular attention to encouraging improvements. This is to be especially enforced in the working environment giving special emphasis to the health and safety of workers. Further, the Member States' objective should be the harmonization of conditions, with due attention being given to maintaining the improvements already made. In order to help achieve this objective the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, in cooperation with the European Parliament and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee, should adopt, by means of directives, minimum requirements for gradual implementation, taking into consideration the conditions and technical rules obtaining in each of the Member States. The provisions adopted pursuant to this Article should not prevent any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent measures, which are formulated for the express purpose of protecting the working conditions of workers, compatible with this Treaty. Employees on fixed term contracts should be treated as favorably as permanent workers are. There are two sets of regulations required to implement the EC Fixed Term Work Directive 1999/70/EC (the Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002 and the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2002). The basic idea of the new fixed term work regulations is to make it unlawful to treat a fixed-term employee less favourably than a comparable non-fixed term employee engaged in similar work (subject to a defense of objective justification). Several other related issues are also covered, notably automatic conversion of fixed term contracts to contracts of indefinite length after four years; removal of the current ability for an employee to agree that he will not claim statutory redundancy pay on expiry of a fixed term; and making the completion of a task contract count as dismissal for unfair dismis sal purposes. The basic idea of the new part time work regulations is to ensure that it is not possible for an employer to "escape" from the fixed term work regulations by employing fixed term workers on a part time basis. (Employment Law, 28th April 2004 ). From the foregoing, it is evident that Sonja though a non-fixed term employee, has the rights that the regular workers have. We arrive at this conclusion based on the EC Fixed Term Work Directive 1999/70/EC, which states that the treatment meted out to non-fixed term and fixed term employees should be the same. When such is, the case Sonja should have been provided with protective gear. Since, she was not provided with protective gear, at least her hospitalization bills should have been paid in full. Since the questions of Sonja's rights are settled unequivocally, it remains to consider as to how Sonja is to gain redressal for her grievance. In this regard, the recent developments in the EC Law are next enumerated, health and safety has been given wide prominence in the EU context. It encompasses not only the avoidance of accidents and prevention of disease but also all aspects of the worker's

Emotions in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emotions in the workplace - Essay Example Emotions play an important role not only in a personal life of a person but also in his social and professional life. Hence, people who know how to handle their emotions intelligently, tend to succeed in their personal and professional lives. However, for emotions to be handled intelligently, it is important to know the different concepts of emotions. Emotion recognition is one of the most important aspects of emotional intelligence. Emotions of a person affect his communication pattern to a great extent, as emotions not only influence the thinking pattern of a person but also influence the physiology of a person. The behavior of a person is a result of an emotional state that he is going through. Hence, different emotions create different types of physiological changes in human being (Barlow and Maul 2000). They create physical activities and impulses that motivate a person to behave in certain way (Frijda 1986). For example, if a person is sad, he will sit with slouched shoulders and if a person is feeling happy, he will communicate openly and will display pleasant expressions on his face. This shows that different emotions are accompanied with different body gestures and expressions. Hence, if one needs to know how a person is likely to behave or react, one should read the emotion related clues given in his body language (Barl ow and Maul 2000). The ability to read the emotional state of a person through physical clues is known as emotion recognition. According to Mayer et al. (1990), emotion recognition is an â€Å"accurate appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself and others† (Elfenbein, Marsh and Ambady 2002). Emotion recognition is the ability to perceive other people’s emotion. It has been found that it is easy to read emotions from facial expressions of a person than from any other body language clues. Hence, it is vital to have an ability to read facial expressions (Elfenbein, Marsh and Ambady 2002). As emotion recognition is

Diversity in the United States Essay Example for Free

Diversity in the United States Essay Diversity in the United States Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diversity is the concept of acceptance and respect upon every individual in relations to sexual category, ethnic and sexual coordination, and stage of development, bodily abilities and political beliefs. In United States there is synthesis of world’s abundant and varied religions, cultures and ethnic groups since it is a home to everybody and there is no group which can call itself the most American than the other. However, the merging of cultures here is so irreplaceable and so outstanding that citizens can be just as pleased and proud of their main cultural legacy as they are to be an American after all. The diversity in United States assemblage takes a moral look at what it means to be an American and scrutinizes the rich legacies that encompasses the entire nation. Any culture provides its specific and incomparable contribution to the current understanding in America and to the world generally. The issue of diversity in America not only provides a multitude of friendly portraits of heritage and culture, but records the fights of nationalities to incorporate into the sentimental society of America, and highlights the power and honesty of several cultural influential and socialites (Naylor, 1999, Naylor, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the current state of immigration in United States, diversity has however reached nearly every state in America. William Ferry, a demographer has stated that â€Å"This is just a strange explosion of diversity all across the United States† and thinks that diversity and immigration are going hand in hand. Due to the high of immigration, the current statistics indicate that Education ranks increased in every state from 2000 to 2010. Generally, the part of adults with 25 years and older with at least a high school diploma or certificate raised from 80 percent to 90 percent. Those adults with at least a bachelor’s degree from any university or college raised from 40 percent to 55 percent. This change could even rise higher in the coming years as far as there are available jobs and the growth of economy still continue growing in order to hold the population. Furthermore, there are all categories of construction, food p rocessing, every kind of service jobs, the full scale, where primary agriculture is practiced (Naylor, 1997)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigrants have also enriched American communities by bringing characteristics of their instinctive cultures with them. However, many of the black Americans now celebrate both Christmas and other festivals drawn from African rituals. Hispanic Americans enjoy their backgrounds with street fairgrounds and other parties or events. There are many ethnic restaurants that proliferate in many American cities. For example, President John Kennedy, the grandson of Irish immigrants, commissioned up this intermingling of the old and the new when he titled America as a society of immigrants, which could hold any person irrespective of their culture, race, religion or political ideologies and everyone would began life fresh, on an equal basis. Therefore, this is the secret of United State as a nation of people with the fresh retention of old backgrounds who venture to walk around with new borderlines (Lind, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, apart from the benefits which have been brought by the immigrants in the United States, challenges have been there more so to the government on how to counter the growing population. Services in all fields need to be increased and improved that is in organizational centers, health centers and educational centers because among the immigrants there are disabled people or people with special needs and they all expect assistance from the government. The issue of ethnicity is still there among various groups of people and this has led to gender difference and reduced sexual orientation. The uniformity that is beyond our internal extents there is outward effects of life practices, plus the choices we decide in our lives also affect our chances, circumstances, and elevations and since these controls, outward extents of religion, maternal prominence, and presence may influence others to create conventions about the immigrants (Naylor 1999 ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, diversity need to be fostered in all terms of climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States in the following ways. First, Asian, Hispanic, black, and American Indian kids require the same basic skills that we have low priorities that white children require. This is a recognizable point, but it is most forgotten idea when the subject of multiethnic education is raised. Second, they need a broad considerate of our form of government and its organizations because we live in a country in which we enjoy countless freedom, but we also live in a country in which people are extremely unconcerned. Third, we must teach our children the history of this United States and there are many sources where we can get that history. Finally, all American kids need a well understanding of the world in which we live, and this includes something of the history of other nations. They need a foundation in geography, which, if shown we ll, will also teach them why nations advanced as they did. Rivers, terrain and climate are all important to the improvement of culture and should be understood well (Naylor, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ways in which media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice are relatively few. Erratically, there are studies within fields of journalism and mass communication that concentrate on stereotype and prejudice decline. One of the way is applying an audience-based tactic that openly teaches audiences how to be critical media consume while the other method is using message based method which enables the participants with all stereotypical news narratives that explain the existing cultural practices about various racial groups. The results of these two media-based methods on the accessibility of unfriendly and compassionate racial typecasts are considered to be having a great change. Finally every individual need to construct up prejudice like in other states such as Germany, china and Japan to improve our entrepreneurship. This may be called Ideology but we have to become one, not diverse and unlike (Lester, 2011, Lind, 2010). References Lester, P. M. (2011). Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media, Third Edition. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. Lind, R. A. (2010). Race/gender/media: Considering diversity, across audiences, content, and producers. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Naylor, L. L. (1999). Problems and issues of diversity in the United States. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Bergin Garvey. Naylor, L. L. (1997). Cultural diversity in the United States. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Bergin Garvey. Source document

Advantages Of Online Shopping Marketing Essay

Advantages Of Online Shopping Marketing Essay I, Nishant Chand Katoch, would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ms.Deepika Varshney, who always gave valuable suggestions and guidance for completion of my assignment. This assignment has been a success only because of their help and guidance. At last I would like to express my expressions for all those people around me who directly or indirectly associated with this assignment. NISHANT CHAND KATOCH Certificate Of Authenticity This is to certify that Mr.Nishant Chand Katoch, bearing Enrollment Number : 11715903911,student of MBA 3rd semester of Rukmini Devi Institute Of Advanced Studies, has worked under my supervision on the assignment and completed the same to my total satisfaction. I wish him all success in his career. Question Q2. Try a service you have never tried before on internet. Analyze the benefits of this service. Was enough information provided to make the service easy to use? How would you compare this service to other methods of obtaining the same benefits? ONLINE SHOPPING Online shopping is the process of buying goods and services from merchants who sell on the Internet. Since the emergence of the World Wide Web, merchants have sought to sell their products to people who surf the Internet. Shoppers can visit web stores from the comfort of their homes and shop as they sit in front of the computer. Consumers buy a variety of items from online stores. In fact, people can purchase just about anything from companies that provide their products online. Books, clothing, household appliances, toys, hardware, software, and health insurance are just some of the hundreds of products consumers can buy from an online store. Many people choose to conduct shopping online because of the convenience. For example, when a person shops at a brick-and-mortar store, she has to drive to the store, find a parking place, and walk throughout the store until she locates the products she needs. After finding the items she wants to purchase, she may often need to stand in long lines at the cash register. In contrast, online shopping helps consumers avoid these disadvantages. With online shopping, a person logs onto the Internet, visits the stores website, and chooses the items she desires. The items are held in a virtual shopping cart until she is ready to make her purchase. The shopper can remain in her pajamas as she does her shopping, and the process can be conducted in the wee hours of the morning or late into the night. Online stores never close theyre open 24 hours a day. Despite the convenience of online shopping, not everyone chooses to purchase items and services online. Some people like the idea of physically going to a store and experiencing the shopping process. They like to touch the merchandise, try on clothing, and be around other people. Online shopping doesnt permit shoppers to touch products or have any social interaction. It also doesnt allow them to take the merchandise home the same day they buy it. Other people may worry about shopping online because they fear their credit card information will be compromised. Since its necessary to provide credit card information when purchasing products online, people worry they may become the victims of identity theft. This discourages some consumers from participating in online shopping. Another reason some consumers avoid shopping online is the fact that they worry that the products they purchase are not accurately portrayed in the websites picture. They worry that the picture of the item may appear one way, but the actual item may look completely different perhaps of lesser quality. Its also impossible to try on apparel when conducting online shopping. A consumer has to rely on body measurements in order to make sure the clothing will fit properly. If the clothing arrives in the mail and its too small, the consumer has to return the item. This is a potential inconvenience that some shoppers may not wish to face. Advantages of Online Shopping Incredible convenience: In comparison to a brick and mortar store with fixed hours, online shoppers can choose any time of the day or night to get on the Web and shop. This is especially useful for moms with small children, people that are home-bound, or simply in times of inclement weather. Price comparisons: When you visit a store, you most likely have to settle for whatever price the vendor has placed on a particular item. Not so with online shopping you have the ability to compare prices from hundreds of different vendors (see The Top Nine Comparison Shopping Sites). Infinite choice: Shelf space in a brick and mortar store is limited, which means that your variety of goods is limited. Not so with an online store. Plus, if you dont see what you want in one store online, you can simply move on to the next one youve got the power to do that. Easy access to consumer reviews: Its easy to access consumer reviews for pretty much any product you can think of online, which makes for more informed purchases. No pressure sales: Weve all been awkwardly propositioned by eager salespeople. You dont have to put up with that online. These are just some of the advantages of online shopping. Are there disadvantages? Lets look at a few that might deter some customers from buying goods online: You cant try things on. If youre buying a clothing item, you dont have the ability to feel the material, try it on, and see how its made. Unless you know your measurements and are familiar with the brand of clothing offered, this could end up being a bad experience. You cant talk to someone immediately. If you have a question about what youre looking at, you probably will have to wait at least 24 hours to get a question answered (however, many sites have instant chat enabled that take care of this issue). Privacy and security: Privacy and security are legitimate concerns for any online shopper, but there are precautions you can take to make sure your transaction is a safe one. For example, paying attention to HTTPS protocols, installing free spyware removal tools, knowing how to identify online scams and hoaxes, surfing anonymously, and keeping your Web usage private are all smart ways to address any privacy and security issues. Limitations of online shopping 1. YOU DO NOT PHYSICALLY SEEN THE ITEMS: Normally when we shop from a regular store, we can see the item and at least visually inspect that it looks fine. You can select a co lour, size and can even speak to a sales person to clarify doubts regarding an item. I feel the biggest disadvantage of online shopping is we do not physically see the item till it arrives. May be you have seen it in the nearby mall but there is a possibility that the particular piece you have ordered may be defective. Misinterpretation or misunderstanding of items bought online is a common problem. Usually the photo of items you see online are much better than once you have the item in front of you. 2. WAIT FOR THE ITEMS TO ARRIVE: Once you place you order the waiting game starts. You have to wait for a few days for the item to arrive which can be quite frustrating. Most experts believe that we are most excited about your buy in the first few days, so by the time your item arrives you will most likely be less excited then getting the item on same day you made the payment. 3. CHANCES OF MISHANDLING WHILE SHIPPING / DELIVERY RISKS: What if the item you are expecting never arrives, you will be lost in a series of phone calls to the seller and the courier company. What if you are not at home during the time of delivery and the courier company leaves the package on your door and a passerby decides to steal it? What if the shipping company broke your stuff and you realize it after opening it when the courier man has already gone away. The seller might claim that you broke it. 4. SHIPPING CHARGES: Only a few sites offer free shipping, some others will ship for free only if your total purchase price exceeds a certain amount. Shipping fee is often a big discouragement for online shoppers. 5. RETURNING MERCHANDISE: Even if the seller agrees to take back the defective merchandise, you often have to pay the cost of shipping it back. Additionally you have to call and convince the people regarding the reason of your return. Some good sites do have excellent return policy, but not everyone. Comparison between online shopping and offline shopping Offline shopping is becoming rather polar. Customers either want service, or they really *dont* want service. Its not that customers are unclear about whether they want to purchase, its that they are absolutely clear about why they are shopping. They either have a purchase in their minds, or they are shopping predominantly as a form of therapy, and simply wish to interact with the goods. Customers have reached a position where if shopping is entirely experience oriented and not goal oriented, then they find sales assistants a *disincentive* to enter a store. As they grow in sophistication, customers respect for, and tolerance of sales assistants is actually reducing. So essentially the changes I see are a marked separation of goal oriented shoppers and experience oriented shoppers. Shoppers who have a specific purchasing goal in mind are time conscious and want service immediately, and at the lowest possible price. Shoppers who are experience-oriented find sales assistants irritating and officious. And I think the internet and online shopping is actually contributing to this polarisation process.

Surgical placement in a local hospital

Surgical placement in a local hospital This is a reflective essay based on my own experiences, whilst on my five week surgical placement in a local hospital. The aim of this essay is to explore the use of communication and interpersonal skills in clinical practice. I have chosen this particular incident as I spent a considerable amount of time communicating verbally and non verbally with this particular patient. To protect the identity and maintain confidentiality of the patient I have chosen to discuss, they shall be known as John. This is in accordance with the NMC code of professional conduct (NMC, 2008). To assist me in the process of reflection I am using Gibbs (1988) reflective model. This cycle provides a description of the event, feelings towards the outcome, an evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan. Jasper (2003) suggests that reflection is one of the key ways we can learn from our experiences. There are numerous reasons why reflection is important to nurses. Through reflection we can learn more abo ut our role and the elements that limit our abilities; this allows the opportunity to improve the way we care (Ghaye Lillyman, 2001). John was a 74 year old man admitted onto the ward from the emergency department, two days previous to me starting my first late shift of that week. He had been suffering from retention of urine, and was in considerable pain. My mentor and I were informed during handover that we would be looking after John on this particular shift. We were asked to change the dressing on his right leg. It had become ulcerated due to suffering from a condition known as Peripheral Vascular Disease (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2004). As a result of this disease the patient had undergone amputation of the left leg below the knee some years ago, resulting in him becoming immobilised and requiring the use of a wheelchair. It became clear during the handover that Johns behaviour had become very difficult over the last couple of days. The nurse in charge went on to describe the nature of his behaviour including; that he had thrown items across his room, was constantly pressing his nurse call button, was sho uting all day and he had also refused to have a wash and change his pyjamas. As we left the room where the handover had taken place, my mentor suggested that we should change Johns dressing now, but firstly we should get him washed and changed with my assistance. I knocked on his door and introduced myself as a student nurse. I proceeded to ask John for his consent in order for me to assist him in having a wash and change of clothing (NMC, 2008). John was sat on his bed and appeared to be quite tense. He looked up at me and shouted no, I want to see a doctor and I havent had a cigarette for two days. I explained that I was here to assist in changing the dressing on his leg and to help him to have a wash and change. I moved closer towards his bed and lowered myself to his eye level. I then began to engage in conversation with him by maintaining a soft tone of voice and asking him if he would like a cup of tea after we had finished. His body language softened and he looked up and smil ed, he said I would love one. I smiled back at John, I then repeated the question of assisting him with having a wash and change, whilst maintaining a relaxed posture and eye contact. John gave me his consent and I proceeded to assist him in maintaining his personal hygiene with respect and dignity (NMC, 2008). With Johns co-operation my mentor and I were then able to go on and change the dressing on his leg. Through this learning experience I encountered a combination of feelings towards the situation. From the initial handover, the staff nurse in charge did not paint a positive picture of John. I wondered why this particular patient was so aggressive and demanding and the staff described him as being difficult. I felt anxious, as this was my first placement as a first year student and I did not feel experienced enough to deal with the situation. During my encounter with John it became clear why he would feel so angry and frustrated. I noticed he didnt have a wheelchair in his room, and it became apparent that he was a smoker. He also hadnt been given any nicotine replacement therapy to help him cope with his withdrawal symptoms. When the full extent of Johns situation became clear to me, I felt immense frustration for him. According to the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008), nurses should treat patients with respect and maintain their dignity. With John not having a wheelchair, he was confined to his bed and therefore had lost his autonomy. The situation also made me very angry, reflecting back I feel I should have been more assertive and maybe questioned why Johns requests had been ignored by the staff. It was unfortunate that the professional staff had acted the way that they did; overlooking how angry and frustrated John had become and failing to act upon it. The nurses compassion and communication skills seemed to be very much lacking; not listening to his requests and showing no feeling towards him. This breakdown in communication in the nurse patient relationship with john, left him feeling frustrated and not in control of his own wellbeing (Garnham, 2001). At first, I could not see any good points in this situation; however looking back I can see that it did have its positive side, in as much as allowing me to examine myself and to search for my short fallings in relation to the incident. The incident has also given me the opportunity to link theory to practice. The way I communicated with John had a positive outcome for both of us in that his personal hygiene needs were met and I learnt that effective communication is essential in building a trusting bond between the patient and the nurse (Almond Yardley, 2009). The bad points of this experience were that I judged John based on the information I received during the initial handover without having met him first. This could have created a barrier between the patient and I. Accepting a patient as a unique individual and without judgment is very important in the communication process. I have learnt from this experience that as nurses we should respect a patients beliefs and values and we should not let our own beliefs and values affect our decision making in patient care (Rogers, 1957). I also feel that I should have been more assertive when it came to the way John was being treated by the staff. As a first year student I did not feel comfortable questioning the way a professional staff nurse carried out her nursing care. However, from this experience I will question bad practice in future, as the NMC (2008) states that I am personally accountable for my actions and omissions in my practice and that I must always be able to justify my decisions. According to Maxim Bryan (1995 cited in Briggs, 2006), Communication is the process of conveying information between two or more people. Communication is essential in building relationships with patients and gaining trust. In the NHS, the majority of the complaints brought against them were for poor communication from healthcare staff (Pincock, 2004). To highlight how important communication is in the nursing profession, the NMC identified it as being an essential skill and only if a student is competent in this skill can they then go on and register as a nurse (NMC, 2007). In order to communicate with John the situation required the use of interpersonal skills, known as non verbal and verbal communication. Non verbal communication is described by (Dougherty Lister, 2008 p.62) as being information transmitted without speaking. Johns body language indicated that he was tense and anxious, therefore approaching him with empathy ensured that he was being understood and that his participation in communication was valued (Peate Offredy, 2006). Given the history of Johns aggressive outbursts it was necessary to consider the proxemics in the situation. It is recommended that keeping within a distance of 4 to 12 feet away from a person is less intimidating for them (Egan, 2002). In order to engage in conversation with John, Egans (2002) acronym SOLER was used. This is a process of using body language to actively listen to a person. By sitting squarely towards John, having an open posture, leaning in towards him, maintaining eye contact and a relaxed posture, t his in turn encouraged him to relax and feel less intimidated, therefore able to talk more openly (Dougherty Lister, 2008). Verbal communication with John was enhanced by the use of facial expression and paraverbal communication. According to (Delaune Ladner, 2002, p195) Facial expressions give clues that support, contradict or disguise the verbal message, therefore the use of a smile when approaching John indicated warmth and friendliness. This was assisted further by the use of paracommunication; these are the cues that accompany verbal language. These include tone, pitch, speed and volume of the person speaking; therefore communicating with John using a soft tone of voice added further meaning to the spoken words (Delaune Ladner, 2002). The barriers in communication during this incident were Johns aggressiveness. This could have been due to the withdrawal from cigarettes, as according to Bruce (2008) irritability is a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. If a patient is unable to smoke in hospital then nicotine replacement therapy should be introduced and the patient should be treated like any other dependant. Bruce (2008) states that Withdrawal from nicotine needs to be recognised and treated appropriately in the acute hospital; it will often be the ward nurses who are relied upon to recognise the symptoms. These symptoms were overlooked by the staff and to add to his frustration he had no means of mobility in order to allow him to leave the ward for a cigarette. This may account for his outbursts of anger. Peplau (2004) suggests that when there is an obstacle or obstruction preventing a person from achieving their goals this may lead to frustration which in turn often leads to anger. Using Gibbss reflective cycle has assisted me in analysing the situation and to put things into perspective, recognising how I can put this learning experience to positive use in my future practice as a nursing professional. If this situation were to arise again I know I would now have the courage to question the nurses attitude at an earlier stage pointing out that bad practice by anyone is not acceptable. From this experience I have learnt that I need to be more assertive and if I feel the needs of a patient are not being met, my first consideration should be to protect the interests and safety of patients, in line with the NMC (2008) Code of Professional Conduct. This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the process of communicating with patients from different cultural backgrounds, I will address these issues by, listening and learning from the qualified staff and by reading relevant literature. In conclusion it can be seen that the nurse has a very important role in communicating with patients throughout their treatment. When a patient is admitted to hospital, assessments should be made based on the activities of daily living, (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000). Johns assessment not only should have identified the level of care required, it should also have established his normal routine and the fact that he was a smoker and also required a wheelchair for mobility. If Johns needs had been assessed correctly the breakdown in the relationship between John and the professional staff could have been prevented. Overall, through this reflection I have learnt that communication is an essential skill that requires as much practice and consideration as any other aspect of nursing. References Alexander, M., Fawcett, N. Runciman. P, (1994) Nursing Practice Hospital and Home The Adult London: Churchill Livingstone. Almond, P. Yardley, J. (2009) An Introduction to Communication. Chapter 1 IN Childs, L., Coles, L., Marjoram, B. (Eds.) (2009) Essential Skills Clusters for Nurses Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Briggs, D. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Nursing. Chapter 4 IN Peate, I. (2005) Compendium of Clinical Skills for Student Nurses London: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Bruce, G. (2008) Smoking Cessation in Hospital London: Nursing Times. [Online] last accessed 18th November 2009 at http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/smoking-cessation-in-hospital/1646376.article. Delaune, S. Ladner, P. (2002) Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards Practice (2nd Edition) Albany: NY Thomson Delmar Learning. Dougherty, L. Lister, S. (2008) The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures (7th Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Egan, G. (2002) The Skilled Helper: A problem management approach to helping (7th Edition) California: Brooks / Cole. Garnham, P. (2001) Understanding and dealing with anger, aggression Nursing Standard Vol. 16, No. 6, pp 37-42. Ghaye, T. Lillyman, S. (2001) Reflection: Principles and Practice for Healthcare Professionals. Wiltshire: Mark Allen Publishing ltd. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Learning and Teaching Methods Oxford: Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Jasper, M. (2003) Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Beginning Reflective Practice Oxford: Nelson Thornes. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2007) Essential Skills Cluster for Pre- Registration Nursing Programmes. Annex 2 to NMC Circular 07/2007, [Online] Last accessed 1st December 2009 at http://www.nmc-uk.org/aFrameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=2690. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics London: NMC. Peate, I. Offredy, M. (2006) Becoming a Nurse in the 21st Century Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Peplau, H.E. (2004) Interpersonal Relations in Nursing New York: Springer Publishing Company. Pincock, S. (2004) Poor communication lies at the heart of NHS complaints, says ombudsman British Medical Journal January Vol. 328, No. 7430, p10. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Theraputic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, pp 827-832. Roper, N., Logan, W. Tierney, A. J. (2000) The Roper Logan and Tierney Model of Nursing London: Churchill Livingstone.

Information Management Issues :: Internet Web Computers Essays

Information Management Issues Too Much Information? The core problem of information management seems to be overload: determining the existence and location of resources in the chaotic repository that is the Internet, trying to learn the nuances of different software, retrieving far too many hits. However, some people question whether the problem really is overload. It may actually be the multiplicity of communication channels. Unlike earlier eras, new technologies are not replacing but adding to the host of media choices (Gilster 1997). The Web has simply removed natural barriers between people and information they would otherwise never see, and information now comes directly at us from multiple directions. Unfortunately, most traditional information management practices are too linear and specific: they were pipes developed for a stream, not an ocean (Alesandrini 1992). Perhaps the issue is not too much information, but information that is not usable or meaningful. To master information you must understand the relationship between data, information, and knowledge: data are raw facts and figures, information is data organized into a meaningful context, and knowledge is organized data (i.e., information) that have been understood and applied. A resource such as the Internet requires the user to build content from its vast resources (Gilster 1997). People may perceive overload because the information they receive does not fit into their current mental models for understanding the world. A constructivist approach - interpreting new information in terms of existing knowledge structures and revising those structures accordingly - can help move those "analog" models into the digital world (ibid.). I've Got to Keep Up! The twin demons of speed and quantity create an artificial sense of urgency: with e-mail, voice mail, fax, and the Web, continuous streams of data are possible 24 hours per day at work, at home, and during the commute between. The consensus of many sources is to forget about keeping up. Focus instead on what you really need to know and for what purpose, and understand that the question will evolve as you gather information. Ideal information is current, timely, and sufficient for the task at hand, not necessarily "complete" (Lively 1996). The goal of information seeking should be finding the answers to personally meaningful questions. It's All on the Web. One myth rapidly taking hold is that the World Wide Web is a one-stop source for all information needs and the secret to information management is in knowing how to navigate it. Information Management Issues :: Internet Web Computers Essays Information Management Issues Too Much Information? The core problem of information management seems to be overload: determining the existence and location of resources in the chaotic repository that is the Internet, trying to learn the nuances of different software, retrieving far too many hits. However, some people question whether the problem really is overload. It may actually be the multiplicity of communication channels. Unlike earlier eras, new technologies are not replacing but adding to the host of media choices (Gilster 1997). The Web has simply removed natural barriers between people and information they would otherwise never see, and information now comes directly at us from multiple directions. Unfortunately, most traditional information management practices are too linear and specific: they were pipes developed for a stream, not an ocean (Alesandrini 1992). Perhaps the issue is not too much information, but information that is not usable or meaningful. To master information you must understand the relationship between data, information, and knowledge: data are raw facts and figures, information is data organized into a meaningful context, and knowledge is organized data (i.e., information) that have been understood and applied. A resource such as the Internet requires the user to build content from its vast resources (Gilster 1997). People may perceive overload because the information they receive does not fit into their current mental models for understanding the world. A constructivist approach - interpreting new information in terms of existing knowledge structures and revising those structures accordingly - can help move those "analog" models into the digital world (ibid.). I've Got to Keep Up! The twin demons of speed and quantity create an artificial sense of urgency: with e-mail, voice mail, fax, and the Web, continuous streams of data are possible 24 hours per day at work, at home, and during the commute between. The consensus of many sources is to forget about keeping up. Focus instead on what you really need to know and for what purpose, and understand that the question will evolve as you gather information. Ideal information is current, timely, and sufficient for the task at hand, not necessarily "complete" (Lively 1996). The goal of information seeking should be finding the answers to personally meaningful questions. It's All on the Web. One myth rapidly taking hold is that the World Wide Web is a one-stop source for all information needs and the secret to information management is in knowing how to navigate it.

Contrasting Theories on the Extinction of Dinosaurs Essay -- Compare C

So what killed the dinosaurs? Without having any background education in science it is hard for the general public to comprehend such matters and they rely on the knowledge of the scientists in this field. Although there has been much research on the subject nobody has come up with a conclusive answer. And we are left to read the countless articles, all having their own opinions as to the mass extinction. One such theory is that a shift in the solar system could have caused the mass destruction. According to an article published in Nature magazine, â€Å"A bizarre wobble 65 million years ago, perturbing the orbits of Mars, Earth and Mercury, may have caused the demise of the dinosaurs, new models of the Solar System suggest.† The article suggests that an upset could have â€Å"disrupted the trajectories of asteroids-normally safely confined to asteroid belts-sending one or more into the Earth.† This is an easy enough idea for the general public to understand yet it is not stated if they know what caused the upset in the first place. And this is where we depend on the researchers to come up with a way of finding this out. They designed a model that would mimic the Solar System 100 million years ago, â€Å"based on natural variations in planetary orbits, their proximity to the Sun and their gravitational effects on one another.† What they did find was fluctuations in the model dating back 65 million years ago right when the asteroid supposedly hit. Even though it sounds like good solid evidence a lot of scientists are still not sold on the idea and need more convincing. In another article it is suggested that had a meteorite, large enough to cause mass extinction, hit the earth there would have been widespread wildfires wiping out eve... ... lack of information spreading to the general public. In the end we are left with countless more articles to read and decipher. Works Citied: 1. Ball, Philip. â€Å"Roast dinosaur off the menu?† Nature 03 Dec. 2013 Nature News Service/ Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2015 http://www.nature.com/nsu/031201/031201-3.html 2. Clarke, Tom. â€Å"Chaos killed the dinosaurs.† Nature 28 June 2011 Nature News Service/ Macmillan Ltd 2015 http://www.nature.com/nsu/010628/010628-15.html 3. Dalton, Rex. â€Å"Hot tempers, hard core.† Nature 04 Sept. 2013 Nature Publishing Group 2015 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf?file=/nature/journal/v425/n6953/full/425013a_r.html&filetype=&dynoptions 4. Pearson, Helen. â€Å"Asteroid let dinosaurs rule.† Nature 17 May 2012 Nature News Service/ Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2015 http://www.nature.com/nsu/020513/020513-11.html

Call for Freedom Essay

From the days pilgrims first kissed the land so rich, to the days they proclaimed the songs of liberty, America was indeed â€Å"the land of the free,† as Francis Scott Key once said. Those who flocked to America had the same dreams of freedom which they have been denied the right of in their mother land. They came to America with the pursuit of happiness. Once they obtained their happiness, their new found freedom, they undoubtedly revolted against all those who stood against their beloved treasure. Before any of this could be achieved, many struggled. Tears of anguish, disappear, and agony have been shed through years of hunger and slavery, yet little was done to give people the right to live as if â€Å"all men [were] created equal.† Many groups struggled to get the freedom we now have. I am Joaquin, Necessary to Protect Ourselves, and What Is An American all portray group struggles for freedom, which persuade others to fight for freedom many of us still have not ach ieved through the reader’s appeal to their emotions. I am Joaquin is a story of an immigrant â€Å"lost in a world of confusion.† This epic poem traces the adventure of Joaquin through his courageous deeds, which portray the values of his race. Using â€Å"loaded language† rich in connotations and vivid imagery, the author captures a scene of suffering, not just the suffering of one individual, but of his whole race. Phrases such as, â€Å"I shed the tears of anguish/ as I see my children disappear,† (lines 24-25) and â€Å"I have survived the toils and slavery/ of the fields,† (45-46) creates such imagery and terror in ones heart that they sympathize for the speaker and move them to agree with their call for freedom. The whole poem is a connotation for the speaker’s cry to just accept him for who he is. The reader can sympathize with the speaker’s feeling of rejection. This sympathy leads to acceptance, acceptance of the speaker and his call for freedom. Rejection is one of man’s greate st fears, fear that no one wants to feel. Out of the dread of feeling fear, one is inspired to fight, fight for freedoms they have not yet achieved. A little weaker on its emotional appeal is Malcom X’s interview with Les Crane, Necessary to Protect Ourselves, and What is an American. Malcom X  uses more of a logical and ethical appeal by making comments such as â€Å"I think all of us should be critics of each other. Whenever you can’t stand criticism you can never grow.† This comment, in contrast to the style of those made in I am Joaquin, which were more emotional rather than ethical, creates less of the urge to go out and make a difference. Rather than doing this, it creates a tone of hate, unlike in I am Joaquin where his comments created a tone of sympathy. This hate can be taken many negative ways which may cause someone’s intention to do good by turning to doing wrong by offending someone with criticism. The same tone is created in What is an American. By making Europe seem as a place that takes advantage of its people and makes them work laboriously, the reader is exposed to an anti-European feeling. Such phrases from What is an American as, â€Å"Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury-can that man call England or any other kingdom his country,† give this anti-European feeling and exaggerates to the truth to appeal to ones ethical senses that one should not have to live under these conditions. These stories do create inspiration, but inspiration that tells one to cause an uprising, which in the end might not be the most effective way to go. With much evaluation and contrast, it can be seen that the most effective call for freedom using appeals to ones emotional side is I am Joaquin. The â€Å"loaded language† rich in meanings and vivid imagery persuades one to go make a difference, a difference that is not only beneficial to themselves, but to generations after.

Person Centered Theory Essay

There are numerous theories that can be used together to make an efficient therapist and provide results for the clients. The person centered theory is designed to focus on humanism, human potential, conditions of worth, orgasmic valuing, the fully functioning person, and phenomenological perspective (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). There are three core values in the person centered theory, these are extremely important in the output of clinician-client relationships and facilitating change for positive results in the client. Looking at the therapy universally, these core values can be connected to several other types of strategies and theories to hold a positive outcome for the therapist and client. The value of these aspects across all treatment approaches adds significant changes in a client’s attitude and behavior along with positive thoughts of hope. Theory and therapeutic strategy all leads into client care and outcome. There has been an increasing need of therapists and therapeutic strategy to accommodate the client and their mental health disorders. The existential therapy model will be discussed throughout the paper to distinguish whether psychological dysfunction exists. However, the core values of person centered therapy, assessing the values among all treatment approaches, and figuring whether psychological dysfunction exists in the existential therapy all will be further examined. The three core values that are pertinent to the person centered theory are congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. They all supply a large role in therapy with clients to break the layered negative aspects and pessimistic thoughts. These core values allow for a relationship to be built with the therapist and client upon feelings of safety, warmth, understanding, which permits the client to lower his guard of defense (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Therapeutically, congruence is considered genuine, authentic, well integrated, and aware of one’s self and how others perceive them (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Congruence is a person in which portrays and submits clear and coherent messages that are consistent with the inner and outer core of themselves (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). The second core value is unconditional positive regard, this creates the rapport with the client in a sense of caring about, respecting, liking and accepting the person how they are (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This allows for the client to act in their own nature without feelings or thinking in certain ways. Providing conditions of kindness and positive regard is essential to helping clients look into their own sense of optimism and positive emotions (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Lastly, empathy is the sensitivity of moment to moment thoughts and feelings, having tenderness, being non-judgmental, and temporarily living in someone else’s life (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Empathy is the exploration of understanding someone’s thoughts and feelings; to empower the client and delicately open doors to their life through communication (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Seligman and Reichenberg explain that these core values seemingly pronounce optimistic therapeutic results applying these values universally throughout various therapeutic approaches (2010). Applying these values universally across other therapeutic approaches defines that numerous therapy strategies are co-existent together and enhance change. The person centered theory is used frequently with other therapy strategies because it promotes a healthy therapeutic relationship and increases the client’s awareness and creates a sense of empowerment as well (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). The person centered theory is extremely useful and intervenes well, due to the support of profound communication with the client and that mirrors the therapists compassionate, caring, and interest surrounding the clients. Clients are more opted to lower their defensiveness and become trusting to form a healthy balanced bond and rapport with their therapist; to discover and find confident, optimistic, hopeful outcomes. Positive outcomes are a large aspect in providing client care for the sake of the client’s well-being, hopeful change, self-worth, and confidence level. The values of applying the core aspects of person centered theory greatly outweigh any limitation to treatment due to the well established results of clients whom have utilized the aspects with other strategies. With that, psychopathology is a constant expression of new therapeutic strategies and outcomes that benefit the client. Moreover, psychopathology is the appearance of the mental health field. Along the same lines, psychological dysfunction is apparent and can be defined under various categories of mental health. By utilizing xistential therapy, clients with psychological dysfunction may overcome their issues. Existential therapy has an approach towards philosophy of human development, which concentrates on meaningfulness, authenticity, freedom, and responsibility (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This helps clients to maintain purpose and meaning in life. Existential therapy may significantly increase a clients functioning due to the therapeutic strategy of focusing on the importance of choice, meaning, actualization, and the alliance between the therapist and client (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This type of therapy can empower a client to become positive, increase their well-being, and create thoughts of hope and optimism for a healthy balanced life. Existential therapy concentrates on holistic and growth promoting approach; it embodies the cultural context of a client’s experiences, acknowledges the importance of client’s thoughts, values flexibility, and creativity in thinking (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Overall, clients with psychological dysfunction incorporating existential therapy can gain feelings of safety, comfort, happiness, security, and a vigorous life. Conclusion All in all, person centered theory can be incorporated into several therapy strategies and the core values create a healthy balanced relationship between the therapist and client to better the outcome for the client. Person centered theory concentrates on the therapist making the client feel comforted, understood, accepted, and respected (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Assessing the values of person centered theory among all treatment approaches seemed to co-exist and inter-relate due to all therapeutic approaches being client focused. Mostly, the core values are primarily designed to assist the client with their struggles, actively listen, and provide skills to create and maintain a healthy balanced life. Existential therapy also creates a healthy balance to clients, which also generates similar characteristics of the person centered theory. Existential therapy produces meaningfulness, freedom, authenticity, and responsibility (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This may construct empowerment and productivity to engage in positive outcomes for clients with psychological dysfunction. Existential therapy can aid a client with psychological dysfunction by allowing the feelings of purpose and meaning in their life. It teaches a client how to manage their thinking, values, and cultural context (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). The outcome for the client is a healthy adaptive change and promotes feelings of worth and confidence. It seems that â€Å"therapy† has an overall goal and focus; the client, although, each approach may have its own focal points there is still one common goal.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices which results in a decline in the purchasing power of money. Inflation is measured through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures proportional changes in prices in a representative â€Å"basket† of g’n’s, weighted according to their importance in a typical Australian households budget. The RBA aims to keep inflation at an annual rate of 2-3%, and in order to do this a number of policies are available for the Australian government.Keeping Inflation under control is a primary concern for the Australian Government as it affects so many different parts of the Economy, including Economic growth, standard of living and unemployment. There are three types of inflation, depending on their causes. Firstly, demand pull inflation occurs when there is an excessive aggregate demand at or near full employment. If aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, prices of g’n’s rise as a rationing mechanism. This form of inflation is usually associated with periods of high economic activity.Secondly is cost-push inflation. If business costs such as the cost of wages or materials rise, businesses may aim to maintain profit levels by passing these costs onto consumers. This will result in higher prices and therefore inflation. The final type of inflation is imported inflation. Imported inflation occurs when the price of imports rises, and either adds to business costs (resulting in cost-push inflation) or feeds into the CPI as the price of final goods. Furthermore, a depreciation in the Au$ will raise import prices, also adding to imported inflation.There are a number of factors which may cause inflation in the Australian economy. A major cause of demand-pull inflation is excessive growth in aggregate demand. If aggregate demand increases from AD to AD1, aggregate supply which is the equivalent of real GDP will rise to GDP2 and the price level will rise from P to P2. This results in the inflationary gap of cd. This increase in aggregate demand may be the result of a number of factors, including increases in consumption expenditure, investment spending, net government expenditure, the money supply, or export incomes.Another major cause of inflation, this time cost-push inflation, is a decrease in aggregate supply. If aggregate supply decreases from AS to AS1, real GDP will decrease to GDP2 and the price level will rise to P1. This results in both a contraction in real GDP and a rise in inflation. The main causes of this decrease in aggregate supply is excessive wage growth not accompanied by productivity increase, a rise in the cost of raw materials, and other inputs, or a rise in government taxes or other charges that raise costs for firms.Cost-push inflation may also be the result of imported inflation it there is a rise in world prices of imported goods used in the production process (such as raw materials and intermediate goods) firms are lik ely to pass these costs onto consumers, resulting in inflation on the other hand if there is a rise in world prices of consumer goods, increased import prices will feed directly into the CPI, also resulting in inflation. Furthermore a depreciation in the Au$ in foreign exchange markets will result in a rise in the prices of imported raw materials, intermediate goods, and consumer goods, again contributing to Australia’s inflation.This is demonstrated in the stimulus when the RBA credits the decrease in inflation to the fading impact of 2000s exchange rate depreciation. A less common cause of inflation is the existence of monopolies or oligopolies. If a monopoly or oligopoly exists in an industry, the lack of competition allows producers to push up prices. This again results in inflation. The final cause of inflation in Australia is inflationary expectations. Inflationary expectations refer to the behaviour of individuals and businesses who seek to compensate for the current i nflation, as well as expected future price rises.This may be the result of either firms pushing up prices, or wage earners seeking higher nominal wages. Also, if consumers expect future prices to rise, they rather buy g’n’s now, which leads to increases in spending. This results in demand-pull inflation. Inflation can impact the economy in 3 ways. 1)By encouraging investment in speculative and unproductive activities and discouraging investment in ventures considered productive. Inflation encourages investment in real assets such as gold and real estate because they are considered ‘good shelters’ for inflation.This is because the scarcity of them often outpaces or at least keeps pace with the rate of inflation. If inflation occurs, people will seek to own such assets, shifting resources to these speculative and unproductive assets. Similarly this discourages investment in other assets. This is because entrepreneurs will not think it is financially viable t o invest and pursue a project that will only result in less profit, due to the higher costs of inflation. Similarly inflation increases the cost of production thus also discouraging entrepreneurs.For example, if inflation is high, people will invest in gold and real estate. Otherwise known as the opportunity cost, because people will allocate their resources into such ventures (gold and real estate) they must then forego investing into other ventures that are considered productive such as a new business, that may be producing capital goods or normal goods and services. Also by discouraging entrepreneurs is the rise in the costs of production that occur due to inflation, for example the raw materials.Similarly interest rates will rise, making it more expensive to borrow funds for investment purposes, making investment projects less profitable. Either way, inflation can cause a loss in production of capital goods, leading to lower living standards in the future, or a loss in the produ ction of normal goods and services, leading to lowering current living conditions, as current needs and wants go unsatisfied. Since returns from productive capital take longer to materialise, it means that entrepreneurs are also faced with a lesser return.This means that if the rate of inflation is greater than the return offered by the investment, then the project will not be considered economically viable, nor worthwhile. Similarly the risk of loss from any investment project will grow with inflation. Many small businesses take a couple of years before they start to make a profit, so if inflation is high, and is was not taken into account when the business was first planned, then the cost of production may rise, and the resulting price for the commodity will be too high for consumers. ) If inflation is present and is greater than that overseas, it reduces the overseas competitiveness of the Australian economy. This is because inflation is not only associated with a rise in prices, but also an increase to the costs of production. Therefore making overseas exports cheaper to the domestic market. Similarly the overseas firms do not have to put up with the rises in the costs of production. This provides a leakage in the circular flow (purchase of exports) and thus dampening demand in the domestic market, which if severe enough could lead to a recession, bringing with it many economic problems.An example of how inflation can lead to a recession, would be the 1970s, when high inflation averaged at 10. 4%. Which due to the high oil prices and strong domestic demand led to high inflation in the 1980s (8. 1%). This period of high inflation led to a dampening in spending and a recession in the 1990s (1990-1992) causing many problems such as unemployment. 3) It also creates many winners and losers in the economy. Those that benefit are the owners of real assets (real assets and gold), because their assets are worth more.As well as those belonging to well-organized grou ps who can demand wage increases (eg, strong trade unions. ) This can lead to rapidly rising wages, increasing the costs of production, and also discouraging investment in productive capital as mentioned above. In addition to this inflation can benefit people who have already borrowed funds because the cost of repayment, represent less as inflation rises. This is because inflation is defined by a loss in the real value of money, therefore the repayment will diminish over time.Conversely inflation disadvantages those on fixed incomes because they lose the real value of income as their money represents less purchasing power. Similarly for the same reasons it disadvantages those that keep their money in liquid form (ie, bank deposits). Also those that lend money receive less back in terms of repayment, due to the loss in value (eg, A mortgage repayment in 1960 was worth more than in 1980, where high inflation had occurred).Also since it reduces international competitiveness, inflation can disadvantage exporters who find themselves with less business opportunities. This can effect the economy, as overseas markets will not purchase Australian goods and services. Therefore the economy will not receive the injection into the circular flow that it would usually, without inflation. Without the strong domestic support that is present in Australia’s economy, the economy could have the effect of dampening economic activity, and aggregate demand.When inflation occurs in the Australian economy it usually had a number of causes. The main causes are excess aggregate demand, cost-push inflation, inflationary expectations and imported inflation. inflation disadvantages many groups in the economy, who in turn benefit other groups. This is because inflation can influence the allocation of resources in regards to encouraging and discouraging investment, the overseas competitiveness of the Australian market, as well as effecting individuals and firms, who often benefit at th e expense of others.