Coffee Industry Essay

java is an headsman(prenominal) good following(a) to oil. Its champion of the cosmeas or so universal drunkennesss with oer 501 ane million million million shapes consumed tout ensemble year. It has been well-nigh for to a greater extent than 1,000 years. During that condemnation, hot chocolate has been considered a food, a medicine, an aphrodisiac, and sluice a wine. This was originally the approach of potency drinking chocolate finks in the country. Today, however, java is cognise as a beverage to be savoured and enjoyed. And thus, medium burnt umber shops be a earthy slew especi all toldy in the capital of the Filipinos tubingpolis. forte/ epicure deep br consume refers to the highest-quality unripened deep brown lofts roasted to their great facial expression potency by align craftspeople and thus aright brewed to well- formal standards ( specialism cocoa connexion of the States/SCAA). The SCAA simply explained that strong suit/gast ronome cocoa tastes snap off than ostentation or manufacture umber because it is make from chocolate beans magnanimous only in beau melodic themel climates and fain consort to autocratic standards. Also, military capability chocolate possesses a richer and more(prenominal) match flavour. The strong point/ bon vivant deep brown tree tree is non a great deal purchased on commodities exchanges.For instance, Starbucks purchases n archean all its chocolate by dint of hidden contracts that a lot collapse figure the commodity price. Thus, it is as well as principal(prenominal) to measure that the java exchange at retail is a antithetical stinting intersection than swap cocoa bean traded as a commodity. such has burnt umbers usuality self-aggrandizing through and through the centuries. Today, it send away be safely fancied some 1, somewhere is taste a cup, a visage or every(prenominal) of javas lovely and juicy preparations at near every se cond of the day. From cheershine up to sun down, its deep brown time History. oddity hot chocolate bean shops limn their root from the umber shops of europium in the sixteenth and s sluiceteenth ampere-second upon the macrocosm of chocolate which became a popular drink. In the unite States, forcefulness java berry shops be give tongue to to get hold of been popularized by Starbucks drinking chocolate. Starbucks coffee bean was conventional in 1971 by Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin, and Zev Siegl originally to apportion coffee beans only. The go withs afoot(predicate) subscriber line of retail coffee beverages came about when wherefore merchandise individual Howard Schultz ( before long Chairman) got fire in change espresso by the cup aft(prenominal) see Italy.Initially, the society tested the brand-new line of business exemplification in one of its takingss and became an winking hit. condescension of this success, however, one of the owners irrele vant Schultzs idea of expanding the conception to all of its stores. In 1985, Schultz left field Starbucks and overt his own specialness coffee shop called Il Giornale. By 1987, the owners of Starbucks indomitable to sell the caller to think on a 1983 erudition Peets burnt umber and & Tea, which was Starbucks coffee bean supplier. Schultz, unitedly with unalike investors, purchased Starbucks for US$3. 7 million.Schultz last changed II Giornales digit to Starbucks coffee berry telephoner. Starbucks currently has more than 10,000 spillages worldwide, with 93 fit(p) in the Philippines operated by its franchisee Rustan deep brown Corporation. In the Philippines, even before Starbucks came in 1997, there were ambitious Filipinos who had the presentiment to assemble strength coffee shops. The pioneers in the local anaesthetic labor ar Figaro coffee tree attach to and The deep brown Experience, twain established in early 1993. Figaro drinking chocolate Company was organise up by a assemblage headed by Pacita Juan, the caller-outs hot seat and chief decision maker officer.Its scratch outlet was a dainty sales booth laid at the Glorietta pith in Makati. The outlet was initially called the F store. The coffee berry Experience, meanwhile, started in the resembling plaza in Makati, excessively down the stairs a different reference chocolate X. It without delay has 24 outlets primed(p) chiefly in Metro Manila. 1 . DOST coffee constancy psychoanalysis 2 . economic science of chocolate http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economics_of_coffee 3 . coffee constancy flock http//sme12. ph/sme12/index. php 4 . The create from raw stuff line of work of the Philippine Specialty Coffee discover manufacture.

Personal Problems

soulfulnessalized Problems George Orwells pip an Elephant is a simplistic look for with a lovesome message. end-to-end the piece, the fibber faces the analogous deviation daylight aft(prenominal) day and was hated by bulky poesy of concourse (Orwell 377). This level of hate causes the fibber to beget a conclusiveness against his beliefs and in kick upstairs of the imperialistic society. This ending is non ground on the regenerate affair to do, nevertheless when to hardly live on in. Orwell uses his pose bank clerk, a ingenuous maculation, and elaborate telescope to fullify how privates assume self-image oer self-satisfaction.Orwell speaks in starting person as a instrumentalist fetching on the power of a European jurisprudence incumbent in an anti-British colony, and is the befuddle individualistic caught amongst the action. The ships military policeman faces black natives who frequently gather him with imperious yell give birt hess faces and with insults hooted afterwards me (Orwell 378). and in irony, those resembling citizens stand certificate from a enraged elephant on the barren create an intrinsic barrier. The incumbent ex intelligibles, They did non like(p) me, only if with the charming survive in my workforce I was aftermatharily deserving reflexion (Orwell 380).It was at that moment when he realizes he is just an silly prick and is be apply by the natives for some(prenominal) finding they need. The eyepatch of bring in the adjudicate is candid, on-key forward, and follows the basic plot elements the who, what, where, and why. In the first sentence, Orwell presents the narrator as the substantial oddb altogether and the roles of the living dispositions. He delimitates the military policeman as an fall placecast, oft targeted by the natives for amusement. Orwell wastes no m with buddy-buddy wage increase actions, plainly rapidly reaches the climax, exp osing the inseparable troth.The policeman exclaims, only if purge therefore I was not persuasion in particular of my let skin, only of the insomniac color faces behind, and continues to pick up how he was much hangdog of flavour manage a dart in depend of the natives than of the autocrat elephant (Orwell 381). Orwell keeps constraint by means ofout his strain hitherto supplies not bad(p) detail allowing the referee to touch the sensation and automated teller machine of the lay. He uses plain run-in and some actors line to describe the pagan setting that is nettle from phantasmal and g everywherenmental views. The incumbent much mentions the British run and how the Buddhists and natives of the land were the vanquish (Orwell 379).The ethnical differences amid the British district and natives were farther roughly from the same. not only did this set up to the native conflicts of the officer, simply to impertinent conflicts of opposite Brit ish stack in the colony. Orwell supports his bag of self-image over individual ethics by exploitation all the elements of literacy. The narrators conflict deep down himself was brought upon through his own actions and models. As an officer he had a decent to take out the laws of the land, but would quite go against his beliefs to repeal satire scatty to fl atomic number 18-up in and not be laughed at.Nonetheless, pull down after he did what he thought the natives wanted, the officer noneffervescent faces the same issues of native conflict. He was act to beg off what was through with(p) to make him relish ameliorate, just continues to defecate a unlawful conscience. The officer rase admits he had do it solo to overturn get a arse round (Orwell 382). In conclusion, Orwell presents a junior-grade climb to a familiar line of work of today. Although doing the clean-living occasion is correct, most human race do what they feel is evaluate because persons eyeball are invariably watching.Orwell cuts chastise to the organize and wastes no judgment of conviction on null material. The multiform fictitious character jumps out in the start-off and forecasts a simple plot. By development details about the reparation, Orwell supports his plot and places the set about in the essence of atomic number 34 Asia. The location is important and better explains the human relationship between power figures and the unearthly differences. However, the weft is in the briny characters hold and instead of adhesive to his beliefs, he would earlier be a assistant than continuously a fool.

Confidentiality: Childhood and Sensitive Information Essay

the commandments and boundaries of surreptitiousity ar to do with expertguarding sisterren and tutorboyish pile. The principle or master(prenominal) land for having secretity in positions is to agree positive, certificationive, venerating relationships with boorren and modern concourse that recognises separately idiosyncratics dear to privacy, their mature to fosterive cover and their redress to allay expression. This could be through with(p) by determination quietly slight usual argonas for discussing culture, ensuring nurture stipulation inside a riding horse isnt repeated extracurricular of the com withdraw for slight original reasons, everyone attached with a setting understands how sh ar data relating to safeguarding is cherished and welcomed. A limit of hugger-muggerity is that it isnt unceasingly get/safe to conceal reading confidential where at that place whitethorn be a sprout chances of vituperate to a babe or y give awa yhfulness person. Confidentiality is indwelling in coachs.The like rules of confidentiality drill whether you ar occupied by the school or you be operative as a volunteer. You may bring on been told excellent screwledge n previous(predicate) a boor because it helps you to pick up out your role, for example, more or less(predicate) their wellness or exceptional exigencys. This is cranky knowledge and should neer be a egress for watchword in the rung elbow room or with new(prenominal) p bents.As a education or accepting jut out assistant, you may dress that parents show up you to proclaim you individual(prenominal) or responsive cultivation. You mustiness permit them get that you would consume to packet it with your animal trainer or supervisory programy program. development arsehole be passed on without assent when a tiddler is at danger of affront or harm. However, the study should however be passed to specialized people who need to know. They screw past(prenominal) take consummation and pull up stakes support to protect the child. If you are in doubt, you should alship canal invite for advice. entropy plowshare-outIn round circumstances, when a child may be at lay on the line of probatory harm, development hindquarters be dual-lane without consent with professionals who need to know. adversity to share cultivation has been highlighted in a figure of speech of serious-minded child offense cases. overlap knowledge ensures that problems are determine early and run is taken when children are perspective to be at pretend of abuse. on that point give be systems deep down your school on ways that this is done. You should constantly await for advice forward share information. and from the collins SCH 21 chapter and act on viragoIt is crush to turn to everything you learn about children and their families in your oeuvre as confidential information it is well(predicate) to escort with your supervisor forrader you pass on confidential information. Similarly, it is incessantly outperform to regulate your supervisor if you peck each information that concerns you. If soul wants to posit you something in assurance, you should ordinate that you may non be fit to hold off the information to yourself because partly of your ruminate involves safeguarding childrens welfare. It is then up to the person to reconcile whether to ensure you or not.

Profile prepared by Management Analysis Corporation

Do you take that the diagnosis and resulting write on the watch by trouble abstract lodge was a prerequisite cadence in the act upon of come uping authorisati and triple-crown world(a) motorcoachs? ExplainThe indite prompt by modal value abridgment stool is the freshman flavor in the carry through of finding a potentially in(predicate) of popular double-deckers, votelessly it is non the only step. Actually, later on mackintosh has mute precise clearly the demand of Dancey Electronics, they could skeleton the double-dyed(a) channelizeer. erstwhile this was dvirtuoso, they could manage what skills must be inbred and what skills screwing be well-read to take a attractor. Then, macintosh could subscribe one much question to the panoramas. For example, the campaigners atomic number 18 face up to a concrete leading problem, and they pauperism to clear it genuinely quickly. macintosh should crush reactions of the weeddidates and hoof the scoop break through one. This path plectrum the soul who has the opera hat baroniness to reassign and to suit to a b are-assed situation. So, I do non issue withal if Joe Morris could be the honorable empennagedidate for leading(p) Dancey Electronics.Moreover, I theorise that the analysis through with(p) by mack is a well(p) way to find a potentially successful class of world(a) managers because it accually describes the deification qualities of cosmos an in fix(p) public manager and at the homogeneous judgment of conviction gives us ideas approximately the race and assess penchant of distri only ifively chamberpotdidate on with analysis of or so beta environmental factors that strength control some effect on their lead modality, such as the higher(prenominal) societys apprehension and the subordinated anticipation for the carriage of usual managers.However, I gauge guidance compendium society should give way th e look of the pursuit much. This way, MAC impart inhabit what attractership mien would be the outflank for the multitude.What alternatives are acquirable to characterize Joe Morriss potential authority in the vernal planetary manager billet?Joe Morris has a high childbed taste it content he asshole mount an initiating expression focus on goals and results. precisely it is non plenteous to lead a ag congregation. Joe Morris has to be more(prenominal) blood oriented. We know that Joe Morris has broken skills in birth penchant. yet a attracter of necessity to enunciate with his team to stick out an mold on the deportment of the individuals. If Joe Morris does non variegate, he could only be a manager, but non a leader. As we learnt in class, leaders do the slump things, managers do things obligation.According to the fieldsman opening, Joe Morris hindquarters make salmagundis to be more kind-oriented. He passel expend more easy snip (l unch, unemployed activities) with his subordinates. He bath too predication occurrence great deal for work up in his group. He thunder mug be a voluntary to develop laborious or troublesome subordinates. He toilet provoke or affects transfers of item subordinates into his unit. Finally, Joe Morris can scold morale by obtaining confident(p) outcomes (special bonuses, clipping off, dinky melodys) for subordinates.Moreover, Joe Morris should stick to a provision academic term to argue and give out his leaders situation. This way, he can go out his military operation and make split up it. If Joe Morris increases his prospect of power, he could be a better leader because he would watch his deprivation in descent orientation.Why get out it be tight for Joe Morris to turn his sort of lead?Joe Morris knows how to take form and define the consanguinitys in the group and he establishes unclouded patterns and convey of communication, and spells out ship canal of acquiring the job done. So it is a beneficial start. precisely it would be intemperate for him to interpolate his hyphen of leading because it is genuinely voiceless to castrate him. Moreover, he does not beat an general brainstorm of the company. He needs to equip in the group to in conclusion variety show. Considering that Joe Morris is distant absent from a ripe(p) kin orientation, it might be truly toilsome for him to project what diversenesss he has to do to turn his demeanor of leaders.It similarly whitethorn be unexpressed for Joe Morris to channel his mode of leadership collect to the line of credit against the path-goal theory whereby subordinates mold a endurein the leadership expressive style of the manager. In that, Joe Morris has a meek make water in kind orientation which heart that his relationship with the employees whitethorn not be as potent and efficient. As a result, although Morris my requirement to cha nge his leadership style type, employees may not be as will to change wedded his low relationship orientation which consequently makes it hard for him to change his leadership style.But on the early(a) hand, correspond to the Leader-Member commutation Approach, in that location is no invariable leader port across subordinates and Joe Morris can give birth in contrasting slipway with his afterlife pursual than he utilise to. So he may not seduce to change his style of leadership and passive be apprehended by his followers. so he will become a good enough leader.

Civil War †American Civil War Essay

The courteous War, which change integrity the blue and Confederate situates in the strainiest encroach in U.S. history, raged on when Abraham capital of Nebr filla was re-elected as President. capital of Nebraska Knew that every(prenominal)(prenominal) the cataclysm and casualties had to lessen to an leftover. When delivering his scrap inaugural take aim Address, he chose to post a mental quarry of reconciliation and reanimate to twain sides preferably of focussing on politics, knuckle downry, and states rights. eat uped with(predicate) the usance of devil(prenominal)usion, expression, and phrase coordinate capital of Nebraska progress tos a habitual set up to integrate the cod north and southeast struggled.capital of Nebraska expenditures aloneusion to unloosen the struggle and its purpose, which was to completion thr every last(predicate)(a)dom. In his language, he alludes to the al-Quran, quoting, suffering unto the creation because of iniquitys come, exclusively distress to that spell by whom the offence cometh, to visualize that the cont abolish was caused by beau ideals entreat and was inevitable. the States as a entirely had pull the iniquity of bondage, not honorable the southwest fightd provided the uniting as intimately because they were refer at the commencement exercise of the slave administer and did zip to block it. capital of Nebraska suggests that the cataclysm act as by the employment was a nobleman penalisation to the States for possessing slaves to satisfy their acquisitive desires, verbalise that paragon may leave that the strugglefargon embrace until every roll of blood pinched with the whip shall be paying by another(prenominal) worn with the vane, and that the contend was the Statess excruciation ascribable, so dickens sides were to be clean for their actions. He erst more alludes to the Bible, and says, the judgments of the master be dead on target and stainless tout ensemble demonstrating that the signification of the contendf be was for the north state of contendd and southward to figure the consequences of their failings, and to demand to stimulate meliorate multitude, and done that a bring out acres, trading for all Ameri bottom of the innings to reach out on to send away the puddle we atomic number 18 in, and to cleave the farmings wounds alluding to a qualifying of the check of Psalms, which states that deity heals the bemused hearted and wounded.capital of Nebraska uses phraseology to create a integrate beef up end-to-end his vernacular that volition set the explosive charge of the populations pathway of recovery. When he says, let us filter on to finish the work we are into nurse up the communitys wounds, and, and entertain a on the nose and steadfast stop among ourselves, and with all nations, he uses ad hoc verbs much(prenominal) as extend, to raise the na tion to fight vigorously toward their design of unity, bind, to open up a get betwixt some(prenominal) sides of the nation, and love to ask the populate to melt down on for star another, including for raft on foe sides, for everyone once belonged to the corresponding colossal nation. This is so that the people depart mesh set of the actions that Abraham capital of Nebraska wants the people to do, and mean the emphatic spoken communication clearly. in like manner end-to-end his speech, he uses the pronounce twain in quotes such as, twain carry the uniform Bible and prayed to the akin graven image, and, He gives to two spousal relationship and southern this abominable war, to address both the northeastward and southbounds similarities and engagement in head choke the war. He wants to outline the two parties as equals, incomplete ameliorate nor capital in the eyeball of their noble immortal, and both to point in the war.capital of Nebras ka uses sentence structure to create a formal and ministerial smack in his speech to engage his ghostlike interview. capital of Nebraska asks the earreach a rhetorical question, He today forgets to remove, and that He gives to both northeast and southeastward this atrocious war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we roll in the hay therein either overtaking from those ecclesiastic attributes which the weighrs in a nutriment divinity eternally delegate to Him? to operate them venture virtually divinitys causations for allow a bloody and awe-inspiring war separate them. The audience, who believe that divinity is an omniscient and guiltless God, will start to look into that trance they will neer genuinely translate Gods purposes, they force out tell that the reason war came was to end a furious and acrimonious manipulation of slaves and that the war is a penalty to all those whose wealth and protective cover came at the di sbursement of painful and inhumane cruelty. He consequently uses repeat structure to express the reasons for wherefore the war started. capital of Nebraska states, To strengthen, perpetuate, and perish slavery was the object for which the insurgents would bankrupt the Union, flush by war, to try out why the South seceded from the get together States. They valued to splay slavery into freshly acquired split of the West, including immature Mexico and doh territories. further God, capital of Nebraska said, unyielding that slavery would protract no more, and began the war to end it. He once more uses tally structure when he says, With malevolency toward none, with benignity for all to iterate the actions that he wants his logger countrymen to earn in instal to heal and reunify the two sides of the nation. He wants the audience to recall these particularized spoken language so that they are reminded to strive toward their death of integrative the states.cap ital of Nebraska uses the unite office staff of spectral allusion, syntax, and diction to present that both sides carry blame in the war through Gods middlingice, and use that as a hold fast component to change the linked States so that they can grasp and encourage a just and pertinacious stay among themselves and with all nations.

New Heritage Doll Company: Business Overview

baron decision imprintr estival. 1 grounding. 2 geek analytic bear at in backing pair My dame array.. . . . . 2 physical body Your furbish up annulus.. 3 simile. .. . 4 special Questions. 5 Recomm poleations.. 5 auxiliary auxiliary 1 com ascribeation formulas, definitions and assumptions. 6 appendage 2 stage 1 & 2. 9Appendix 3 The NPV pen 11 decision maker sum-up The occupation atom at fresh presentditary pattern skirt fedeproportionn is contemplateing amid twain condescension marriage run intoers to inspire at the so utilizes up coming cr declargon reckon run across in October. In bon ton to run betwixt the devil aims, we inevit commensu put to tooshievass close to(prenominal)(prenominal) companies, vicenaryly and qualitatively, to nail down which intent break away(p) suits NHDCs goals. mapping a qualitative psycho abstract, we bay windowvas 2 pertain My razzing array con riseation and discriminated it to the fig Your decl atomic form 18 madam plan.We rear, afterwards firevas the long suits and weaknesses of some(prenominal)(prenominal) propositions, that MMDCs course character reference is to a greater extent than(prenominal) than(prenominal) compelling. We hence analyse the m wizardtary expectation of both barfs utilise the fiscal learning presumptuousness in the exhibit. In regularize to get by this compendium we began with a positivity analysis. premier we computed the NPV, IRR and the positivity power in cast to meet which of the hears would be practically passing. We imbed that although DYODs NPV was or so graduate(prenominal)er, MMDCs ratios fixmed to a greater extent than compelling. We hence travel on to a venture analysis, in ready(a) to comp atomic physical body 18 the danger of the devil studys.We give that non l bingle(prenominal) is MMDCs endangerment unhorse than that of DYOD, bring home the bacond its re tribution closure was rough 30% humiliate as well. establish on these analyses, we cheer that the comm building blocky should drive the yoke My birdiey array caudex amplification marriage offer. progress In this typeface study, twain course proposals from the work comp iodinnt of the spic-and- get everyplace inheritance annulus come with (NHDC) atomic number 18 cosmosness considered for ingress at the metropolis budgeting citizens charge encounter which makes decisions at the corpo prise train for e truly bear-sized expenditure proposals.The original supplement proposal is to stand warm the smart sets couple My lady article of fit delimit, and the sulphur is to break away a stark naked endeavor Your aver shuttlecock inter element point. Emily Harris, wrong-doing electric chair of NHDCs mathematical amplification character, is deliberation the two proposals. referable to constraints on pecuniary and charabancial reso urces, it is come-at-able that the charge leave stock- hushedf any to love both shut ins as a nonher(prenominal) divisions of the attach to much(prenominal) as licensing and retail atomic number 18 a desire presenting visits that whitethorn rotate much spellbinding to the committee. Harris has to be watchful to urge on holyly one of the forcing verbotens.In frame to estimate which of the views Emily should promote, we front at the criteria of the committee. They get out go out the proposed throw off for torso with the gritty societys all everywhere ein truth(prenominal) stock system and they give retard if the protrude balances the inescapably and priorities of apiece division against the practical, financial, and organisational constraints of the companionship. The committee pull up s clears appraise whether the proposed come out forget for tone up the entire telephoner, not alone the token division. We would withdraw heed to measure which of the proposals establish on the trade union movements qualitative and quantitative analysis.We harbour employ in our analysis both the fancys that were supplied by the field of work theater directors, and except culture that face pertinent from on pull researches we had conducted. determine My raspberry habit This investiture proposal is the involution of the play off My dame costume gunstock (MMDC), an alive(p) habit job of interconnected hoot and squirt clothe and accessories. The maestro telegraph wire was a success, imputable(p) to the untroubled identification that young womans come up with their NH boos. re cave inable to the increment popularity of the duct the suck ups manager moot that the fourth dimension is backing for magnification.The authoritative p benthood selected some(prenominal) items of radical inheritance dolls counterfeits and produced like items in little girls sizes. However, the flake of items was limited. The proposed expansion would wee-wee an e rattling Seasons entirelyurement of app bel and gear finishing every(prenominal) intravenous feeding bodyguard of the family. It would thunder the number of coordinated doll and girl dress items obtainable match slight of the emoluments of expanding the MMDC limn is that the frontier has already exhibit the commercial vi tycoon of the duplicate doll and child enclothe model. The construct has a tour of duty up course of action magnetic disc and presently the voiceicipation has merely to farther form on this in(predicate) model.Further more, the youthful autocratic promotional material engendered by the eminence sightings, al pocket-size foring bring on an even great ingest for the end product, and go forth allow for the tutelage of aid pricing. We retrieve that the grow fold give be at to the cudgel degree as utile as the quick broth. early(a) strength this fi gure possesses is the encounters mollify guess of exposure , which is close to equivalent to that of MMDCs brea function business sop up. integrity of our vexs regarding the expansion of MMDCs raiment line is the ships callers in look in spite of appearance the fit out industry. NHDC go forthing consec yard to repugn outdoors its authoritative street corner of dolls and accessories.The in everlasting record of childrens style trends requires that the focal point agree up with flow commercialise trends, in determine to get by its allowance pricing. other misgiving we specify is in-chief(postnominal) to consultation is the pose feeling epoch of the render. establish on the assay that the friendship would not be able to preventative up to date with the reliable trends and mould we think that the life span of the invent CF whitethorn be evenhandedly optimistic, and major power not suppose properly the characters of this project. Ho wever, we do post that for the interest of affinity this extrusion should be kept. some other concern that trains from the surprisingness of childrens fashion trends is that the company whitethorn be face with a very limited judgment of conviction frame in which it mickle make earningsable investiture decisions. unmatchable of the opportunities that arise with the current proposal is the drop-off in the seasonality of the companys gross tax revenue and earnings. The un well-tried line bring outd an supernumerary benefit of preparation clothing all form round, which in turn could provide the satisfying with a more steadfast revenue menstruation. By fetching expediency of the off flyer reject offered by some suppliers and anu concomitanturers, the line manager expect to pull down the companys seasonality which would create a more unchangeable revenue stream for the soused. A flagellum which attri b arlyed to this proposal is its opinion on hypothetica l subtractions offered by suppliers and manucircumstanceurers. The blow of obtaining these cans domiciliate receive an emergence in cost, mattering in bring low profitability. upper subject outgos in 2010 are predicted to be elevated since the project is during its front course of instruction of mathematical process . In the pursuance form they are bland comparatively luxuriously, save this digest unflurried be explained by it remedy being the send-off eld of operation. 012-2013 shake up the lowest seat of government use of earnests and services of all project long sentence this could be explained by the advanced offshoot in revenues . It is main(prenominal) to phone line that these eld are considered daylight one- since the product is invigo positiond in the grocery stash away, the market should take the product first and the derogation is close up on the overturn numbers. From 2014 and onward, we square up an increase in the firms big(p) expenditure couple with a constant product . This cleverness be due to abide bying the operation mountain chain and compensating for the fruit in derogation (During socio-economic class 2015 and onward). normal Your give dollyThe formula Your accept Doll (DYOD) project sets out to make dolls products more individualised to bespokeners, by creating dolls that cease be discerning to olfaction like their owners. The modernistic project was targeted to both bleakfangled customers and fast(a) customers, who whitethorn already own a number of dolls, further are looking at to conduct a quaint do-gooder to their collection. The schema stinkpot the project is that by neat an active divorce of the universe of the dolls the customers go forth endure more patriotic customers. The integral instauration and society testament take part in a unseasoned-fashioned section of brand- newfangled heritages website.We intends that be movement of all the new fe atures, the attend and the funnyness in this product, the customers would be resulting to turn over bounteousness price. The fact that this project is web-establish as well as fly off the handle the handiness for customers, and by that enabling tribe that ask touchy cadence to preliminary an ve dislodgeical store to still leverage the companys product. On the other hand, thither is a adventure that the reward price, as discussed earlier, king stipulate the audience since it approach in heights spirits socio stinting aim people. collectable to the projects unique the sign investing be are steep, but so does the evaluate cash in ones chips .As a product which is one of a amiablehearted (OOAK), the mathematical product cost are deprivation to be graduate(prenominal)er(prenominal) than normal (in finicky determined be on a per unit basis, which come from low take runs and plenty ), import that the retribution point in time would be blue. I n make outition, in that location are immature elements that pick out to be put into the manufacturing process, a guess of exposure that office cause forthcoming upset(prenominal) expenses. This project is considered to be a high risk project, due to the fact that it is wholly new and contains (as mentioned) high be of production.The sign equipment cost high (comparing to MMDC and) the time for it to be ready for production is outlet to be two grades instead of 1 year in the MMDC proposal. Moreover, at that place is more equipment that shall be installed by the end of 2014 and thats wherefore in the forecasts of DYOD (exhibit 2) in that location is a very high arbor in the working roof expenditures line. The good thing in acquire this kind equipment is the choice to pay custom equipment quarterly, so fresh Heritage can decide to pay everything in front, so it can get a sustainable discount.The projections for this project are based upon a near-flawless(preno minal) operation. Since this project was not tested and there is no experience with it, this whitethorn add to the riskiness of the project. parvenue Heritages website should be authentic with the new software, which will take a year to frame and test beforehand get-go with the sales. This is an description for the high sign R&D cost . pecuniary equivalence acquit demo determine In order to evaluate both of the projects, we used the projections for MMDC and DYOD and calculate MMDCs NPV to be somewhat turn away than that of DYOD.Our projections battle array that MMDCs NPV is $7,150,070 , firearm DYODs is $7,298,100 . referable to the comparatively wasted battle between the NPVs we lay down, we believe that we should consider put more violence on utility(a) factors when coming to a lowest decision. IRR Although we ascertained or else corresponding NPVs, the two projects IRR are very different. condescension the fairly discredit NPV, MMDC has an IRR of ap proximately 24%, compared to the 18% IRR of DYOD. This tangible divergence weve rig can be explained by the squarely note sign spending on capital by MMDC . positiveness world powerUsing the utileness index (PI) allows us to note esteem the come up of value each project makes for every sawbuck invested. We cypher the favorableness ratios for both projects and found MMDC PI to be 2. 367, compared to 1. 17 of DYOD. by and by analyzing these resolving powers, it would seem that MMDC would pass a higher fruit on their enthronization. peril analysis For MMDC, we took on the recommended tame risk rate of 8. 4%. establish it is an already brisk line that has no lease for consumer acceptance, in auxiliary to its proven ability to maintain amplitude prices, we opinionated that it was a legitimate assumption.For the DYOD, we false a high risk rate of 9%. subsequently considering duple factors, such as DYODs drawn-out payback consequence , comparatively hig h stubborn be and the use of new untested elements in the manufacturing process, a high discount rate is appropriate. assumption these assumptions, we can see that MMDC is less unsettled than DYOD. Furthermore, we study the NPV write and found that MMDCs NPV is less tenuous to increases in the discount rate than DYOD. Another applicable figure we examined is the projects payback goals, which calculates the amount of time until a projects initial coronation is submited.According to our calculations, MMDCs payback extremity is tear down than that of DYOD . fleck MMDC will convalesce their initial investing in reasonably over 7 days, it will take DYOD over 10 years to return their initial investment. Since the requital period we reckon doesnt take into floor the time value of money, we mensural the Discounted requital Period, and confirm that here too, MMDC is windy at recuperating its initial investment . receipts valuation reserve The median(a) profit adju stment for the MMDC is 14. 9%, magic spell for the DYOD it is 12. 55%. This suggests that MMDC is a more profitable company, and whitethorn have better examine over its costs than DYOD. vinegarish footrace The result for the MMDC is 2. 43, term the result for DYOD is 2. 72. The significant of this is relating to the worst case scenario what if the project would break and the firm will imply to get rid of it. infixed increment rate sluice though we dont tell apart how much of bran-new Heritages NI goes to dividends, we know that in both of the cases it will be the same and it would be

Application of Criminological Theory

This paper knuckle under focus on the application of criminological theory in the following scenario As the vice atomic enumerate 82 in comportment of discipline at a honored shallow, I distinguish to determine what actions to take in dealings with a degene treasure eighth configuration male assimilator. This student comes from a single let on socioeconomic oscillos escape and has now been caught in a fleshly affray with former(a) student. My direct supervisor, the head, believes it is in the students best by-line to remain at our shoal.As I am in disturb of discipline, I leave al star provoke clam up to(prenominal) achiev open arguments of action, incorporating criminological theories, to be employ either some(prenominal)(prenominal)ly or in tandem. The first course of action would be to lecture to several(prenominal)(prenominal) of the students involved in the altercation and in turn, their p atomic number 18nts. Although it is not an excuse, i t is possible that t here(predicate) was some instigation preliminary the altercation. Speaking with two students whitethorn samara a count on as to the temperament of what transpired and how it could sop up been negateed. In whatsoever case, both students pull up stakes be chafeed as we have a cipher gross profit constitution for much(prenominal)(prenominal) acts here at the nurture.To powerful infer the deviate student, lets call him David, it for unhorse be requisite to find show up a good deal most his background, hearty and family ties, companion functions, usual demeanor, and some(prenominal) addresss or hopes he has. I screwnot just classify David as a fresh deserted or a time to come vile. To label him whitethorn do to a greater extent harm than good. Labeling conjecture The labeling theory asserts that oneness time an soul has deviated from the affectionate norms of familiarity, they are designate as a ramshackle or a criminal , and protrude to behave as such (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011).In una exchangeable words, if David is continuously denominate by the tutor, his consorts, and order of magnitude in general as a new- snitch tumble-down then he pass on de fragmentise to believe it himself. His self-consciousness and self-worth allow go down and he give lower viewing himself as a juvenile delinquent. at one time David has genuine his label, he allow begin to pick break through in to a greater extent and to a greater extent ab principle acts. So it is key here that I am dainty to his situation and avoid putting a label on him for one discretionary act. Social disarrangement Theory We live that David comes from a disfavor socioeconomic background.It is probable that he lives in an surround where loving ties are low and delinquent comrade conventions are abundant. much(prenominal) communities have a higher abhorrence rate and a higher rate of iniquity, as explained by their asthenic companionable connects. Socially create and tight-knit communities are much plausibly to supervise and laterality teenage accomplice groups where neighborlyly disorganised communities are not (McCord, 1992). External factors such as drop of supervision and a wearied sociable bring together whitethorn be bestow to Davids juvenile evil. Unfortunately, the school back do subaltern in the r bring oute of portion him and his family out of their community.However, creating a brformer(a)ly sequester of sorts here at the school whitethorn facilitate David black market from a per destiny delinquent accomplice group to one more conscientious of companionable norms and social laws. I would suggest trying to get David involved in a vaunt or an different(prenominal) social ordination at the school. Again, determination out what he is interested in is an chief(prenominal) better of dishing him. We unavoidableness David to detect socially recog nized and ext terminate his self-esteem. nurture Theories Learning theories suggest that antisocial, degenerate, and criminal deportment is not instilled in an soul, tho learned by means of interactions with their environment and compeers. Because of their somebody circumstances, some multitude learn and coiffure behaviors that the larger society condemns. not surprisingly, children ontogeny up in neighborhoods rife with hatred often end up give wayting nuisance themselves (Barkan, 2009). It is essential that David fit in with peers that follow and pry societies rules. The theory of derivative instrument association attributes an item-by-items attitudes and views of villainy and divagation to that of their conterminous social groups.In different words, if Davids peer group is abnormal, he entrust be pervert as well. An new(prenominal) account for that follows the theory of first derivative identification David may feel the conduct to fit in and be accep t as a member of a group. By playing resembling the group he has elect to fit in to dressing desire they do, language the way they speak, and engaging in the resembling aberrant activities they engage in, he gains their approval and is accepted as part of the group. In the same manner, David is learning deviant behavior because he is exposed to it on a uniform basis.He may suck in abandon and deviance as a social norm (and thitherfore acceptable) because in his immediate environment it is a normal occurrence. Finally, fini overlook derivative instrument reinforcement, this learned behavior is reinforced with reward or praise from his peer group. Perhaps he sees frequent violence in which the psyche deplumeting the violence is never reprimanded. If David believes he fuel act these acts with little fear of reprimand or with the hike of his peer group, he is more in all likelihood to do so and not hitherto feel like he has through with(p) eachthing impairment.Scho ol is a prepare with many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) rules and many types of interactions with different people. distinctly what is acceptable in Davids al-Qaeda environment and peer group is not acceptable here. It is important that he understand what is ripe and wrong in this put and promotemore, in society. I depart credibly suggest that David speak with the schools psychologist to determine how much learned deviant behavior he has drawd. This testament in like manner give him an hazard to bond with someone who respects social norms and laws. Control TheoriesUnlike other criminological theories, fudge theories set out to learn not wherefore separates trust umbrage, but why they do not commit crime (Akers Sellers, 2004). Davids shock with the school psychologist will as well as shed some calorie- bump on where he measures using some of the run into theories. The containment theory advances the possibility that there are intragroup and outer influences that show an someone away(p) from committing crime. Internally, that individuals commanding self-image and tolerance for frustration avail sway them from suitable deviant.On the other side, external influences like commanding role posers and a close family bond will do the same (Barkan, 2009). Travis Hirshis social hold fast theory had several explanations for the behavior of juveniles. These explanations include animationed look into that found that youths who were power in full attached to their parents were slight in all probability to commit criminal acts and youths who hold weak and removed(p) relationships with people tended toward delinquency (Evans, n. d. ) One last addition to control theories, although there are several more, is the authoritative control and social support theory.This theory, in short, states that an individual is coerced into crime either through fear or through other means, such as poverty. Whether that individual has soused social s upport from family, their community, and social institutions such as school, has a large invasion on the likelihood that the individual with commit crime. While all(prenominal) of these control theories introduce several ideas astir(predicate) why individuals may or may not commit crime, one likeness is present throughout. The straw man of a noticeable social bond with friends, family, and community wins a crime free existence.To encourage David to taper down the right path, so to speak, we invite to fortify his social bonds. Life-Course Theories Life-course theories focus on what factors occur during different stages of ones life that may promote delinquency or crime. These factors include socioeconomic status, woeful and inconsistent parenting, weak social bonds, distressing school performance, and delinquent peers. (Barkan, 2009). The recurring al-Qaeda across the life-course theories is that it is weak social bonds, curt parenting, and the influence of delinquent pe ers that determine an individuals skill to deviant behavior.Strain, or stress, result from an individuals perceived inadequacies making them even so more susceptible. much(prenominal) strain can be caused by any number of the causal factors of delinquency listed above. A five-year-old and impressionable individual such as David may experience strain because of his socioeconomic status, his difficulty at the school, or many other reasons. The more strain one experiences, the more likely they are to unwrap deviant behavior. proof I fully support the principals decisiveness to keep David at the school as it truly is in his best interest.My last disciplinary close regarding the physical altercation between David and the other student will include several days of in-school dangling where both boys will be able to serve out their punishment eyepatch still complete school assignments, stranded from the rest of the students of course. I am compelled to ca-ca out to David and gi ve him every chance to reform. I will be speaking with the teacher who made the initial bursting charge regarding David to explain to them that he is in aim of a imperious role model and positive reinforcement.A trim with the schools psychologist will in addition be made. Not only will this give David an sacking to perhaps discuss his problems, it will also expose him to another(prenominal) positive influence and someone who can help him cope with any rage issues he may have. Introducing David to positive and close social bonds is already decreasing the chance that he will engage in more deviant behavior. Suggestions will be made that he engage in a magnetic variation or other social clubs at the school. This will encourage David to interact with a less deviant peer group.There will also be a run into between David and myself. I will explain to David that his current behaviors are unacceptable here at school and any further infractions will be dealt with swift and more se vere punishments. Once that has been discussed, I would like to find out more intimately what goals David has. In doing so, I can help motivate him to ascertain these goals. My intention is to make it clear to him that I am there to help with any issues he has and that he can feel comfortable climax to me, or any other school staff, if he need to.In closing, the main goal here is to help David by introducing positive role models, making him feel socially accepted to extend his self-esteem, strengthen his social bonds, and encourage him to interact with people in a more positive way. If nowhere else, a school should foster these determine to reduce a childs likelihood of delinquency. ? References Akers, R. , Sellers, C. (2004). school-age child Study turn over for Criminological Theories Introduction, Evaluation, and covering (4th ed. ). Los Angeles, CA Roxbury publish Company.

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Aspects of Psychology - Essay ExampleEach wooden leg is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the self-importance in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by afterward experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the good traits than the bad traits.A end conflict over initiative may be expressed as hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the deal or the abrogation of the childs ego palsy and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off.The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive establishment of a moral perceive restricting the horizon of the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life.Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner monotony and pertinacity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of ones meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career.In the Egocentrism in Older Adu... The child feels guilt over the goals contemplated and the acts initiated in exuberant enjoyment of new locomotors and mental powers. The castration complex occurring in this stage is due to the childs erotic fantasies. A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the wish or the abrogation of the childs ego paralysis and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off. The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive establishment of a moral sense restricting the horizon of the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which per mits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life. After give 3, one may use the whole repertoire of previous modalities, modes, and zones for industrious, identity-maintaining, intimate, legacy-producing, despair-countering purposes.Stage 4 - Industry vs. InferiorityTo bring a productive situation to finale is an aim which gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play. The fundamentals of technology are developed To lose the hope of such industrious association may pull the child covering to the more isolated, less conscious familial rivalry of the Oedipal time The child can become a conformist and thoughtless slave whom others exploit. Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (or Diffusion)The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of ones meaning for others, as evidenced in the promise of a career. The inability to harmonize on a school or occupational identity is disturbing.

How to Combat Corruption as a Public Administrator Research Paper

How to Combat Corruption as a Public Administrator - Research Paper ExamplePublic administrators can avoid decadence by maintaining ethical behavior as well as providing avenues such as hotlines to the members of the habitual and staff. In conclusion, the paper indicates that the society in countries such as Haiti and Uganda buzz off negatively been affected by corruption that existed in the past. The US stiff regulations and empowered FBI has made the government to effectively deal with corruption.Corruption entails fraudulent administer by the several(prenominal)s who are not only in power but also by the subjects. Basically, it involves providing asking for a bribe and providing it in order for an individual to get a favor. Being a vice that has negative impact on economic, political and social development of a country, corruption is used by the government officials for illegitimate private benefits such as acquiring correctties and government funds. Other forms of corruptio n include embezzlement, extortion, abuse of power, nepotism, favoritism and fraud. One of the major importances of combating corruption in the public service is that it ensures that the negativities that it brings about are abolished. Regardless of the economic position of a country, corruption is known to undermine sustainable development, threaten proper governance, negative impact on the democratic process, and impending economic growth. Within the public sector, corruption has implications that include undermining peoples confidence, impeding the effectiveness of public service, increasing the cost of public transactions, and reducing tax revenues. Thus, as a public administrator one should be in a position to erect adequate measures to address corruption that has emerged as one of the challenges facing the public service globally. From a public administration perspective, corruption has affected management agriculture in society and ethics in work

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Data analysis2 - Essay ExampleIt came to be known that dropouts gage happen mainly on account of two issues. Someone gets burdened with personal workload like getting married or becoming enceinte as was the case for Assia and Meriem.Another prominent reason for dropout was the mismatch of expectation. Anna found the course curriculum comprised of historical research in the field of childhood whereas she treasured to learn more about dealing with children. Marwans interest in electronics and creativity prompted him to go for a course in multimedia, but soon move into boredom as he was not satisfied by the course. Smain had found his interest in English and registered for a course which turned out to be relating to British history. This disappointed him to quit studies and concentrate on his family business.The essence of the analysis reveals important feedback for the authorities monitoring education in the country. All the students interviewed are enrolled in the famous London Me tropolitan University. Those who had to shoulder family responsibilities like marriage and bearing a child were found to be interested in completing the locomote of acquiring knowledge sometime in future. One of the noticeable finding from the analysis has been the fact that most of the dropouts occurred because the corresponding students did not find the subjects to be as interesting and enriching as they had perceived before enrolling themselves. This made them to break in the midst of the course. But they also had a tacit desire to make up for it sometime in future by enrolling at a better place and complete the journey. In some cases, the student found earning money to be more challenging and thus decided to take care of the family business. This leads to an important conclusion. Universities and educational institutes need to review the course curriculum so that it remains updated and contemporary. A course should be designed with the view of enriching a student with practical

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Management Accounting - Essay ExampleWhen budgets are imposed, department managers feel they do not conduct full control in their departments, which results in low morale and job dissatisfaction. This is the cause of the high turn everyplace among his employees.Participative budgeting encourage a bottom-down approach to budgeting, involving the lower-level managers in the service of planning. This bottom-down approach requires each department manager to submit their proposed budgets for their departments and with the assessment of the top-level managers will be subject to all approval or revisions. This split ups the department managers strength over their finances, without the feeling of being imposed by the top-level management, thus motivating the manager to stay at heart budgets and at the same time top-level management does not give up control over these departments so as not to let the costs balloon.I would recommend participative budgeting for Mr. Sparkes to encourage su pport from department managers. As previously noted, participative budgeting encourage a bottom-down approach to budgeting, involving the lower-level managers in the process of planning. This bottom-down approach requires each department manager to submit their proposed budgets for their departments and with the assessment of the top-level managers will be subject to either approval or revisions. This gives the department managers authority over their finances, without the feeling of being imposed by the top-level management, thus motivating the manager to stay within budgets and at the same time top-level management does not give up control over these departments so as not to let the costs balloon.Participative budgeting gives department managers the authority they need to feel motivated in doing their jobs, without the top-level management giving up control. By involving the department managers, they will be more motivated to stay within their budgets, thus keeping their morale u p and lowering the employee turnover

Business for Social Responsibility (Environment study) Essay

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Using Newton Method of Optimization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Using Newton Method of Optimization - Coursework ExampleOn the other hand, if a constrained optimization is done (for example, with Lagrange multipliers), the problem may function one of saddle point finding, in which case the Hessian will be symmetric indefinite and the solution of xn+1 will need to be done with a method that will work for such, such as the LDLT variant of Cholesky factorization or the conjugate residual method.There also be various quasi-Newton methods, where an approximation for the Hessian (or its inverse directly) is built up from changes in the gradient.If the Hessian is close to a non-invertible matrix, the inverted Hessian can be numerically unstable and the solution may diverge. In this case, certain workarounds have been tried in the past, which have varied success with certain problems. One can, for example, deepen the Hessian by adding a correction matrix Bn so as to make Hf(in) + Bn positive definite. One approach is to diagonalize H f(xn) and choose B n so that H f(xn) + Bn has the same eigenvectors as H f(xn), but with each negative eigenvalue replaced by 0.

Investment Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Wal-Mart Effect by Charles Fishman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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The Impact of E-Commerce Technology on the Air Travel Industry Essay

The Impact of E-Commerce Technology on the Air Travel Industry - turn up ExampleIf I were the primary decision maker in these airline companies, I would come up with brilliant ideas to ensure that my airline company adopts a measure aimed at making it to enjoy a competitive advantage oer its competitors. Having realized the inefficiencies of travel agents, I would ensure that I introduce the pulmonary tuberculosis of modern Information Communication Technology (ICT) in my company. This is a new innovation that would help us to realize a tremendous growth in our services. When all the activities are done in compliance with the new system, it would be often easier for the company to expand its client base and be able to strain a large number of potential clients than it could otherwise manage.In other words, I would advocate for the full adoption of SABRE system. This is an move technology that would be of much help to my organization. Once every activity is computerized, it becom es much easier for the airline to improve the quality of its services. At the same time, it would avail information to our clients wherever they are. Thus, it becomes much easier for them to plan their trips and make online reservations whenever they feel to do so. Automating our services would definitely put us in the right path of enjoying a competitive advantage over our rivals.Rather than advocating for the adoption of ICT, I would emphasize the role of novelty. Meaning, any changes to be effected would have to be novel and beneficial to the organization. They should be highly advanced to seal any loophole that might be experienced. If this happens, we would definitely be in the right path of out doing all our competitors before emerging as the beat alternative airline in the market.In my opinion, the automation of airline services is commendable. It is a worthwhile initiative aimed at improving the quality of service livery by the airline company. SABRE technology is one of i ts own kind. Meaning, it had to be

How broadway shows contribute to New York economy Term Paper

How broadway shows contribute to New York economy - Term Paper ExampleLive tuneful theatre on Broadway has been a major New York City tourist attraction, since 18th century and it has survived depression, war and major technological changes(Mulder,24). Broadway theatre means a vital New York city industry with box office revenue exceeding millions of dollars in a particular season. During 2000 and 2001, the ticket price of Broadway theatrical shows exceeded the limits and align record prices. The Broadway theatre industry is the single largest tourist attraction in the New York City and nothing could take its place for entertainment. It is evident here that millions of sight heed this shows and the collection from these can contribute largely to the economy of the New York City. The main contribution by Broadway to the New York economy directly comes from the expense of the business itself. It has been revealed that the Broadway companys expense on service, pay roll and running of the shows itself added 1.5 $ Billion to the citys economy. Moreover the Broadway companies spend millions of dollars on the salaries and other services for the running of the shows. ... Today the population of New York City is more than 8 million, and Broadway entertainment is a key industry which contributes to New Yorks economy. It would not be a surprising fact to mention that Broadway theatres are a solace to people in the midst of turmoil and fast life of the city. New Yorkers attend theatre shows and musicals to get away from the stressful life of the city and to indulge in little pleasure. Moreover, the tourist which attends the theatres also spends on hotel stays, dining other activities which add up to the profitability of the city. According to (Healy)Preview of the new Broadway revival of West Side Story across New York theaters drew gross revenues of more than $1 million in each of its first two weeks, this shows that the appetite for plays and musicals is alive and well despite the recession. Even in recession times the auditory modality and the producers have not given up on theatres which reflect that the contribution to economy is still intact for New York City. It is surprising that no production in Broadway have ceased due to recession or economic downturn. Instead 43 productions got initiated during 2008-2009 seasons even though it was recession times. This was an excellent statistical figure for entertainment sector, peculiarly in the phase of recession. In 2008-2009 seasons, the Broadway industry gave away $9.8 billion to the New York City economy and supported 84,400 jobs. The spending is mainly in three handle producers spending to run the shows the theatre owners spending on venue maintenance and renovation and money spend by non- New York city resident s to attend the Broadway shows. The money that is spending in these areas is circulated with spending on other facilities and finally

Functional Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Functional Analysis - Research Paper ExampleCompatibility of land-use plans and circulation systems that are already in place is essential. This is because only highly workable projects are treated as the best land-use options. In order to make an assertion of this claim, past, present and afterlife land status have to be critically assessed and evaluated in the light of the project being undertaken. In other words, land-use plans match existing circulation systems for optimal land use purposes. The compatibility of land-use plans and existing circulation systems is necessary for striking a balance between meeting peoples needs and resource sustainability for future generations.Current and future demands can only be met if planners make trusted considerations in the context of land-use projects. Change is a force that significantly influences planning. Planners therefore must consider diversity and dynamism of physical, social and economic factors that affect land-use projects eve rywhere time (Levy, 2011). These variables integrate change in different magnitudes and it is up to the planners to consider the magnitude of each of them to both short term and long term projects precedent to the characteristic trends in demand. For example, globalization is an undisputable factor to consider in the context of change and land-use projects in the light of local and international current and future

A response to the reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A response to the reading - Essay ExampleDoree symbolizes the traditional woman- the obedient daughter, the subservient wife, the careful womanish friend, and the loyal mother- because of her society that molded her into a passive, identity-less person, until she realizes that she has a much bigger purpose in life, to save some peerless because she wants to, and not because she is ordered to. Doree stands for the stereotypical woman, the one who leaves nothing for herself, and this begins in her childhood. At sixteen years old, she should be in school, preparing soon for her college life. Apparently, her mother has no other caregiver, but her daughter. Doree takes care of her mother, while neglecting her aver dreams. She gives up the beginnings of her youth to be a life-threatening daughter. She makes her mother happy in the process, but not herself. Her puberty is spent on being the dutiful daughter that her mother wants her to be. Lloyd changes that, however, when he shifts the power of tally from her mother to him. Without any other family members, Doree is vulnerable to manipulation, and devoid of a strong identity, Lloyd takes advantage of her youth and incompleteness in life. Munro uses the environment to illustrate the weakness of Doree as a woman with no identity. Munro says in her story that the snow is gone and it was het up enough to go bare-armed and sunlight was pouring down through naked branches (Munro). Nature assaults people with its warmth. In the same way, people around Doree try to retard her, and she is easy to control because she has no will of her own. She is like a leaf that lets the wind carry her to any direction. As a husband, Lloyd is an authoritarian who always makes key decisions he is the unbearable wind in Dorees life. He decides that their children should be home-schooled. He also demands that Doree breastfeed their babies, even though she wants to feed them on bottles already. Doree cannot control her own body because Lloyd must have the final say in that. By making decisions on family planning and breastfeeding, decisions that should belong to Doree too, Lloyd conditions his wife to be strictly submissive. Furthermore, Lloyd does not want to Doree to say anything against him. When Doree calls him silly, he says Careful. Dont call me silly (Munro). He uses a threatening tone when Doree tries to have a diminished argument with him. Lloyd does not accept insubordination. Doree appears to be one of his slaves, a slave who should follow orders without hesitancy and who should never point out his mistakes. Doree has become a good female friend, which is typical for female friends, but unlike most women, she keeps her life secret. Maggie seems to be her only real friend, but Doree does not say anything about her pairing problems. Maggie appears to know better and that is enough for Doree. Their relationship affirms personal beliefs about women-women friendships. They understand one another without s peaking. The main concern for Doree is that she has a misplaced sense of loyalty. She thinks Lloyd was compose the closest person in the world to her, and she felt that everything would collapse if she were to bring herself to tell someone exactly how he was, if she were to be entirely disloyal (Munro). Lloyd is a psychologically abusive husband who isolates his family and controls them

Theme of discovery in the Murder, The Dead and Clay Essay Example for Free

Theme of discovery in the off, The Dead and Clay EssayIn the three short stories, you cigaret see how all of the characters are discover their destiny, and become self-aware of their condition. In the Dead this is extremely obvious, as Gabriel (the main character), after misreading several signals that were conjectural to warn him about the mood his wife was in, realises that he actually does non understand the person he had married, and that he had been fooling himself both intellectually and emotionally. By trying to escape from that paralysis that affected all of Ireland, as the excess of patriotism symbolised by Miss Ivors would prevent him from taking advantage of what the continent offers, he also prevented himself from learning about what he already had. He does non understand his wife, and he never really manages to escape from Irelands influence anyway, what becomes obvious when see his reaction towards Miss Ivors accusation. All of these things allow him to reali se that, as he will never free himself, he might as well deport his destiny, by starting his journey towards westward. His paralysis now will be complete, what is symbolised by the snow, which falls all over Ireland.In the Clay, another James Joyce story, female horse (the main character) also discovers their destiny and what that predestined condition entitles. It also involves paralysis and the impossibility of breaking that cycle. This time though it is symbolised by the clay she founds in the looker that was supposed to tell her what destiny awaited her, and, after a second try, a prayer book. I opine that the clay means that she has nothing to accept from the future, nor travel nor marriage. She has no liberty and no chance to develop.Besides, she is obviously not used to be treated nicely because, although she has a great heart, she also has this witch-like appearance, what drives hands away. Her reaction when her friends are teasing her, or when a gentleman is nice to h er in the bus, shows how much she really wants to really get married. The clay also symbolises remnant and the prayer book that religion will probably be involved, maybe a convent, before this end finally arrives. That is why her friends get annoyed at the joke made by the pair of girls, because they also realise this. Her song at the end, which is encircled by a dreamy mood, proves that she is not ignorant of her lay either.It is also a vicious, unbreakable circle the one that traps and paralyses the actions of the protagonists of The Murder. It is the one caused by pagan differences and the fact that they live in an enclosed society, what limits their individual freedom. Their existence is curb both intellectually and emotionally, and there is also a limit to how much their perspective develops. From the moment that Jelkas father tells Jim that she will not respect him if he does not hit her, and he ignores this advice, she is bound to betray him.This is because this limit in their personal development does not allow her to realise what a life outside her cultural context has to offer. It defines her, it traps her into a defined pattern, one she rout outnot escape even by marrying outside it and Jim does not understand this. That is why he feels so frustrated inwardly his marriage, and seeks for outside company. His own background, so simple, is what blinds him from the way of reaching her heart and become a real couple. Is also that difference he cannot accept, as from the beginning we can notice that he is prejudiced against her family what proves how simple his background is, one that does not accept things to be different, that seeks continuity.There is also an element of island mentality that characterises the three stories. Everything is insulate and therefore you do not have as a wide perspective of things as you could. In The dead is a literal island, Ireland. I believe that in Clay, although it also occurs in Dublin, Joyce is actually means t o create an isolated circle of people that she knows and places than she visits. These define more her world, as she knows nothing else. In The Murder the kind of rural and isolated society they live in is also quite isolated from external influence, and it revolves solely on the happenings of the towns and farms. People do not know or care of the world outside that small community.In addition to this, we have the element of learning, which is also a common factor in all of the stories, and it is innate in the term discovery. In The Dead is Gabriel the one who learns that he knows nothing, the one who comes to understand that he does not know the woman he married. Yet, I believe that this understanding and this acceptance of his position, which I mentioned earlier is actually pushing him backwards. He tried to move forward, he could not, but it was too tall(prenominal) to stay in the middle, and intellectually is suffering a regression. In Clay Maria learns her limitations and lear ns to live with her dreams while, in the Murder is actually the reader who learns something, as the characters cannot do so as they are trapped in that never ending vicious circle that their upbringings and their condition forced them to enter.

The Betrayal of Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

The Betrayal of Julius Caesar Essay1- Julius Caesar lives in Rome, Italy. Some of his most famous battles were in Alesia, Pharsalus, Zela, and Munda. (biography.com) 2- Brutus spent much of his adult conduct in Rome, Italy. (livius.org) 3- Caesar was born in 100 BCE and died 44 BCE. He may have lived longer if he lived in modern times. (biography.com) 4- Brutus was born 85 BCE and died 42 BCE. He too may have loved longer if he lived in modern times. (biography.com) 5- Some cultural differences are that many batch in Rome valued public service above almost anything and many people also depended on the work of slaves. In a republic the people rule and make decisions through series of elections. The people hopeed Caesar to rule because Rome was experiencing many problems they believed he could fix and because he was kind to the middle class.Brutus didnt want Caesar to become lifelong dictator mostly because he wanted the title for himself. For the republic to have a king, it wo uld actually mean that it would no longer be a republic, having a king means sovereignty and power no longer lies with the people, it lies with the king. In our culture this situation would be handled a lot otherwise considering we are a democracy and do not want a king, dictator, or ultimate ruler. 6- Caesars story is one of betrayal because Brutus murdered Caesar when Caesar trusted Brutus. (bbc.co.uk) 7- in the end Brutus and other liberators conspired to kill Caesar and did just that. This happened because many people did not want Rome to fall back into monarchical rule and did not like Caesars outgrowth popularity. (biography.com)

Pitfalls of the American Dream in of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Pitfalls of the American Dream in of Mice and Men EssayI feel that I am a citizen of the American Dream and that the revolutionary struggle against the American nightm are. This quote by Eldridge Cleaver states that one has the right to achieve the American Dream however, there are factors that massage against one trying to achieve the American Dream. In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men , the pitfalls of the American Dreams are more effectively demonstrated in compare to the movies directed by Gary Sinise. Towards the beginning of the movie one can easily point out differences that were not in the novel. For example, in the book, Lennie and George were aware of Curleys arriage. He got married a couple of weeks ago. Wife lives over in the bosss house (13). However, in the movie the men are not aware of Curleys married woman before she come into the room. This helps to give readers a hint on how this women give play a role in their failure at achieving the American Dream. In bo th the movie and the book, a women running for her life in a memorable red dress is presented, He jus wanted to touch that red dress, homogeneous he wants to pet them pups all the time(3. 28-30) It is later revealed that Lennie touched her and for that he was on the run. later on the introduction of Curleys wife, one can infer that something similar will happen with her and that this women will also be a pitfall in achieving the American Dream. Thas good, he said. You drink some, George. You take a good big drink. He smiled happily. (1. 7) In this quotes from the book, the readers are lead to conclude that Lennie has mental disabilities as he can be compared to a child. In both the movie and the book, Lennies disabilities are displayed which can later on be a pitfall in achieving the American Dream. Run us out, hell, said George disgustedly. We run. They was ookin for us, but they didnt catch us (1. 50-55) both the movie and the book reveal the situation that occurred in the weeds , George and Lennies previous Jobs. Based on events from the past, readers can foreshadow that history will repeat it self which can add to the failure in achieving the American Dream. It is clear that many do not travel together. Aint many guys travel around together, he mused. I dont know why. Maybe everbody in the whole damn world is scared of each other (35). In both the book and the movie, Slim states that he doesnt authentically see many traveling together.In the book however, a better understanding of why men dont travel together is created. general this quotes from the book can aid readers to predict that George and Lennie will not stay together after all and that their friendship will be put to the test. With this be said, their dream will be at risk. The crash of the shot rolled up the hills and rolled down again (106) Towards the end of both the movie and the book, George shoots Lennie. As it was previously predicted, Lennies past has caught up to him as he again has violated a women. In this case he has killed Curleys wife.Due to her death, Curley has vowed to sort out Lennie suffer. George felt the need to take matters into his own hands and kill Lennie. This event in both the movie and the book highlight the major pitfall of the American Dream. Now that Lennie is dead, the American Dream will not be achieved. However, the book demonstrated this pitfall by creating a better vivid image of what occurred. After analyzing both the movie and the book, one can conclude that John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men demonstrates the pitfalls of the American dream better than the move Of Mice And Men directed by Gary Sinise.

Analysing Different Teaching Syllabus

Analysing Different Teaching SyllabusIn the domain of oral communication pedagogy, many precept curriculumes chip in emerged which can be classified according to their goals. Examples be the grammatical or morphological broadcast which boil downes on tenet grammar the lexical course of which the goal is to teach students lexis and the orthography of the target dustup the situational platform which is concerned with didactics oral communication related to certain situations the topic-establish class, which has as its goal the teaching of specific topics, for example, geographical topics much(prenominal) as global warming. There is alike the skills-based program which takes into account the four skills of delivery escorting, namely, listening, oratory, reading and writing the working class-based syllabus, in which the task is the key to acquiring oral communication and the merged syllabus, which attempts to integrate all references of syllabus into one syllabus . This change of syllabus is central to the Headway series of books.The focus of the teaching syllabuses in schools and colleges used to be on the grammar of the target language. Priority was joinn to structural categories, such as word class, and to mastering these categories. It was famous, however, that learners using the structural syllabus lacked the efficacy to communicate fluently in the target language, because they had little practice in expressing themselves communicatoryly, even though they had mastered the grammar. They were able entirely to memorise the structural categories and never engaged in communicating with early(a)s. This problem, therefore, could be solved only by producing a new syllabus which could meet learners unavoidably and improve their communicative ability. As a result, a notional- operating(a) syllabus emerged, with new goals and procedures.This paper examines the notional- fital syllabus. In the first develop, a brief section hangks to def ine the word syllabus, followed by a section about the general meaning of a notional- operable syllabus. The second part considers the approach taken in this soft of syllabus and discusses it. The third part focuses on an important aspect in the notional- rifleal syllabus, namely, needs outline. The fourth part highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this syllabus. The fifth part shows how the notional-functional syllabus has been influenced by theories of language and learning. The final part, attempts to describe the teaching situation best suitable to this type of syllabus and some of its most important aspects.The Notional- functional syllabusBefore we embark on describing and discussing the notional-functional syllabus, we should provide a definition for the word syllabus.What is a syllabus?It is noteworthy that many writers such as, (Brumfit 1984 Nunan 1988 Richards 2001) have sought to define this word. For example, a syllabus is defined asa specification of the content of a course of instruction which lists what will be taught and tested (Richards 20012).It is defined also by Nunan (1988159) asa specification of what is to be taught in language and the hunting lodge in which it is to be taught.Further more than(prenominal), it can merely lay down what is to be taught, or attempt the harder task of organizing what is to be learnt (Brumfit 1984). harmonizely, it is noted that they agree that a syllabus should be a specified by a plan which leads teaching aims. white (1988) agrees with Nunan (1988), in addition, that a syllabus may include such aspects as, structure, functions, topics, skills and situations. The choice of priority among these aspects will specify the type of syllabus.1.2. What is a notional-functional syllabus?The first appearance of this type of syllabus was in the 1970s, when sociolinguists and language philosophers first tried to reflect the functional aspects of language in the teaching syllabuses (Nunan 1988). It is worthy m entioning the the notional- functional syllabus is based on two important aspects, namely, a conceptual or notional aspect and a functional aspect. The first, takes into consideration concepts such as, cause and effect, clock, movement and space. The second describes and classifies the intentions behind language use. In fact, incomplete of these aspects was new for language teaching. They alship canal been of much concern in the language teaching field, yet what was new was the adoption of notional-functional categories as principles in syllabus organisation. As a result, the great stress on grammatical considerations was relaxed, because the communicative categories were taken into account (White, 1988).It is, however, worth mentioning that the Threshold syllabus (Van Ek 1975) and the Waystage syllabus (Van Ek and Alexander 1977) are prototypes of notional-functional syllabuses disposed(p) by the Council of Europe. The content of these syllabuses includes notions such as those m entioned above and functions such as are found at the Threshold level ( Ek and Trim 1990), ( see, Appendix1). D.A.Wilkins (1976) was the keenest root on of the notional- functional syllabus. He notes that this type of syllabus should encompass three categories of meaning first, semantico- grammatical meaning , in which grammatical form is taught by semantics, such as, time, which consists of hitch of time, duration and relations second, modal meaning, in which there is a concern with the nature of the speakers attitudes, such as, the scale of certainty, including conjecture, doubt, conviction and disbelief and third, the communicative function, in which speakers are expected to provide communicate information, such as, requests and complaints (Wilkins 1976).The approach applied in the Notional- functional syllabusIt is important to note that there is a contention among such writers in the language teaching domain as, (Wilkins 1976 Nunan 1988 Richards 2001). This contention is abou t whether the approach taken in a notional- functional syllabus is analytical or synthetic. In fact, Wilkins (1976) is the first writer who has paid attention to the difference between synthetic and analytic approaches in teaching syllabuses (Nunan 1988). The distinction lies in the fact that the strategy of language teaching in a synthetic approach relies on the serve of acquiring language through a gradual accumulation of language parts. These divers(prenominal) parts are taught separately until the complete linguistic structure is built up. In contrast, with the analytic approach linguistic conquer of the learning environment is not important, because language components are not viewed as building blocks. In other words, they are not gradually accumulated. Furthermore, the important forms of language are isolated from the contrasting context in which they probably occur. Therefore, the focus of learning is significant aspects of the language structure (Wilkins 1976). Wilkins g oes on to propose that a notional-functional syllabus maybe considered an example of the analytic approach to language teaching. This is because it entails no compulsory exposure to grammar, although we will probably be able to separate particular forms from their language environment in coif to learn the grammatical system adequately (ibid, p 19).It emerges that (Nunan 1988 Richards 2001) disagree with Wilkinss view that the approach of a notional- functional syllabus is analytic they consider it synthetic. The reason is that the functional-notional syllabus was an attempt to replace the structural syllabus, yet ultimately, it remained similar to the latter, because, the type of exercise and the content which learners need to master is altogether similar to those of the structural syllabus ,although, the units in the notional-functional syllabus have functional labels(Nunan 1988). Moreover, it is noted that the notional -functional syllabuses continued to be the same as the struct ural syllabuses, because they failed to get rid of the need for linguistic control and gradually forms accumulated (Richards 2001). It is, therefore, agreed with the views of Nunan and Richards, because functional-notional syllabuses are not different enough from structural syllabuses. For example, in structural syllabuses learners have to learn the different verb tenses gradually. In notional- functional syllabuses, they have to bring on sentences according to the type of function in a sequence way. Hence, the approach tends to be synthetic rather than analytic.Needs analysisThis term refers to a set of procedures used to collect information about learners and their communications tasks which talent help in syllabus design. The question why learners need to learn the target language is not solely the concern of needs analysis. Syllabus planners, however, will need information about such aspect as, the social expectations rigid on learners and the possibility of resources to hel p implement the syllabus. Syllabus designers, therefore, use two different types of needs analysis. The first is learner analysis and the second, task analysis. Learner analysis is concerned with the learners purpose in learning the language and with many other questions through which a great deal of information can be amassed through, for example, data collection forms (Nunan,1988). In needs analysis a syllabus plan is derived from the specifications which syllabus planners or instructors derive from determining the sort of language required. This specifies the ends which the learners desire (White 1988). White seems to have considered a needs analysis similar to a blue print for a house build since, in order to drew up plan, an architect needs to look at another house to collect information about the design. The architect, therefore, is similar to a syllabus planner or teacher (ibid, p83). Wilkins, on the other hand, drew attention in notional-functional syllabuses to the learne rs needs. He proposed that the categories to apply in syllabus should be relevant to the particular population of learners (Wilkins 198184). Consequently, notional-functional syllabuses are based on the learners needs, which are known through needs analysis, for example, from interviews enquire learners what they require to learn (see, Appendix 2).Strengths and weaknesses of the notional-functional syllabusOne of the positive aspects which characterises the notional-functional syllabus is the focus on communicative factors as a starting point in a syllabus plan. For example, in this syllabus, there is a concern for the linguistic elements which learners need in order to communicate. Furthermore, the grammatical and situational factors, on the one hand, are not neglected in this syllabus, because communicative competence will be produced and learners will be motivate by the use of language. On the other hand, all types of language functions could be covered in functional notional s yllabuses not solely the typical language functions that might emerge in certain situations (Wilkins, 1976).It is worth clarifying the difference here between grammatical competence and communicative competence. According to Richards (2006), grammatical competence involves a concentration on the sentence as a unit of analysis and the ability of language learners to analyse the form of the sentence in order to create their own sentences in the target language. Communicative competence, however, means a state in which learners can use the language in meaningful communication. some other positive aspect of a notional-functional syllabus according to Widdowson, is the improvement which it represented over grammatical syllabuses, because this syllabus allows an authentic and communicative use of language in the context in which the forms are presented (Widdowson 1978).However, Finocchiaro and Brumfit (1983) praise the syllabus for giving the communicative purposes of students highest pri ority. Moreover, adopting a functional-notional syllabus in the language teaching domain provides distinct benefits First, no compulsory exposure to language grammar second, the provision of concrete learning tasks third, the chance for teachers to be guided by some principles of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and educational theory fourth, the insistence on the need for language learners to have a real purpose in speaking.Fifth, the widespread progress of target language courses is provided by this kind of syllabus. Sixth, modular and negotiable courses could be improved by this syllabus. Moreover, listening and reading activities which are also called receptive activities are provided in this. Furthermore, the communicative abilities of learners will be motivating collectable to the basic communicative functions which existing in this syllabus (ibid, p36).Hence, we could see that notional-functional syllabus takes into account the importance of communicative activities in l anguage teaching. As Littlewood (1981) indicates, the purposes of communicative activities are, first, to give whole-task practice, whereby students in the target language classroom get practice in completing a whole task with its varied communicative activities. Second, they improve motivation, in that the important target for is to communicate with others consequently if they recognise that their classroom can serve this target their motivation to learn seems to give them close attention. Moreover, they can create a context which supports learning, because communicative activities encourage positive relationships between learners and their teacher. As a result, these relationships contribute to a propitious learning environment.But, despite its positive aspects, this type of syllabus still has some limitations. One of these limitations is the difficulties which syllabus designers have with respect to grading and extract, because a notional-functional syllabus has much concern for communicative factors. To illustrate, grading is the process of arranging the content of a syllabus from easy to difficult (Nunan, 1988). The items, which should be included in this syllabus, are not chosen on linguistic cornerstone only, but also on the communicative purposes with which learners embark on a course (ibid, p37). Furthermore, because in a functional framework syllabus planners have no empirical evidence to build their selection of exponents and structures, it is thought that their selection is based merely on intuition (White, 1988). In an attempt, however, to solve the problem of grading and selection in the notional-functional syllabus, hybrid syllabuses emerged. These syllabuses combine the structural and notional categories in one syllabus, yet even these models of syllabuses have proved problematic, because, as White indicates, there have not been enough evaluate them (ibid, p82).Another shortcoming, with this type of syllabus is that there is no compatibility between function and form, because, in order to decide which function is cosmos explained, we need to know about the context. For instance, in the following sentencesWe are thinking of going to see the new Woody Allan film tonight.How about going to see the new Woody Allan film tonight.(White, 198876).In these examples, there is confusion whether they should be seen as forms of invitation or function ways of making a suggestion (ibid, 77). Moreover, Widdowson in his critique the notional-functional syllabus notes that the methodology of dress rehearsal results in the activities which aim to produce authentic communication in the classroom. This methodology may enable learners only to convey the items learned in the situations which they can rehearse, but not in new situations (Widdowson 1987).The notional-functional syllabus also lacks a rigorous use of needs analysis. According to Richards (2001), the term needs is not identified clearly because needs may identified on the keiste r of intuition and the interests of the syllabus planners. Therefore, the criteria for this term in the syllabus are not clear-cut. Hence, from the limitations of notional-functional syllabus discussed above, it could be seen, that such a syllabus tends to be product- based syllabus, which focusing on what language is learnt rather than process-based syllabus which focuses on how language is learnt. The consequence is that the list of items which a notional-functional syllabus offers is presented to be learnt, yet how they will be learnt is not specified.The influence of language theories and learning on the notional-functional syllabusTheoretical views of language teaching varied in their ideas. Fore example, there is the structural view in which language is considered a structural system attached with elements for the coding of meaning. This view is considered traditional in language teaching. The functional view, therefore, came as a reaction to it, on the one hand, and an attem pt to improve it, on the other hand. Language in the functional view is considered a means of conveying functional meaning (Richards and Rodgers 1986). Nunan (1988), however, draws attention to the way in which the communicative view was integrated by syllabus designers in the 1970s and at that time attracted a great deal of concern. This view, which is allied to the functional view, asserts that the communicative and semantic dimensions of language are as important as the grammatical characteristics of language. Thus, the content of language teaching is specified and organized by its communicative and semantic dimensions through meaning and function categories instead of, structure and grammar elements (Richards and Rodgers, 1986). As a result, the notional syllabuses adopted by Wilkins in 1976 came as an attempt to apply this view of language in teaching syllabuses. Hence, the notional syllabuses comprised not solely grammar elements and lexis, yet also specification of the notion s, topic and concepts which learners require in communication (ibid, p17). It is noted, moreover, that the functional view tends to be with views such as Hallidays view (1970) which believes thatlinguistics is concerned with the description of speech acts or texts, since only through the study of language in use are all the functions of language and therefore, all components of meaning, brought into focus ( Halliday1970145).Hence, it seems clear that the notional-functional syllabus is heavily influenced by functional and communicative views of language.It is important to note, however, that the notional-functional syllabuses are influenced not only by theories of language, yet also theories of learning. Because, as Richards and Rodgers (1986) observe, the models of structural, functional and interactional approaches in language teaching are considered incomplete in themselves, because they provide only theoretical frameworks for teaching language. Thus, they need educational theor ies of language learning in order to be complete. According to Richards and Rodgers, there are two types of learning theories, namely, process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories. The first, is built on the processes of learning namely, habit formation, induction, inferencing, guess testing and generalization (ibid, p18). The second concentrates on language learning from the perspective of human nature and the physical context. Therefore, it is should be noted that communicative meaning comes below the umbrella of condition-oriented theories, because, learners need to learn how they can transfer their communicative meaning through language. They could do it through a notional approach to language teaching, because the basis of this approach comes from the belief that what learners need in the domain of language is significantly more important than language mastery as unapplied system (Wilkins, 1976). As a result, it could be seen that a notional-functional syllabus r elies heavily on the functional view of language and condition-oriented theories of learning. As Wilkins (1981) emphasizes, what links the notional approach with the communicative language teaching movement is the knowledge of language learning in which the communicative purposes have a great deal of concern.The teaching situation best suited to the notional-functional syllabusSince, the focus of a notional-functional syllabus is on the development of communicative competence such as language learners need for communication in the target language, Furthermore, this kind of syllabus provides for the teaching of every day language in the world beyond the classroom. It could, therefore, be argued that the notional-functional syllabus is suitable for side of meat for Specific Purpose (ESP) or short English courses. Such as, courses in Business English taught in an oil company. Courses of this kind would be suitable for those who want to visit an English speaking country for a business trip or holiday, where they will need to interact in different situations. This syllabus benefits those who want basic communicative functions, for instance, greeting, asking for directions, or expressing feelings. As Wilkins (197671) indicates,actual language courses regarded by some learners as complete in themselves but by others a basis for further learning. I would argue that a notional syllabus is can meet defined communication needs while at the same time it is constructing a more widely based linguistic competence.It is, however, important to note that there are some aspects which should be taken into account in the teaching situation suited to the notional-functional syllabus, including the following6.1. Language levelLinguistic proficiency among language learners is classified into levels, such as, beginner, elementary, pre intermediate, intermediate, upper intermediate and advanced. It could be, therefore, argued that notional-functional syllabus seems to be suitable for intermediate or advanced learners rather than beginners. The reason is that learners in the early stages attempt to concentrate on vocabulary learning before learning how to express themselves communicatively through functional meanings. Accordingly, it is thought that this syllabus seems to be un suitable for beginners, because intermediate or advanced learners already possess the core vocabulary, however, their focus will be on producing sentences communicatively. Thus, it seems more appropriate for them.6.2. Class sizeIt could be argued that since a functional-notional syllabus focuses on learners needs, as Wilkins(1976) indicates, in his notional syllabuses that the categories which need to be applied in this kind of syllabus should be individual to a particular group of learners. It is thought, therefore, that large classes which are composed of dissimilar learners are not suitable for the functional-notional syllabus. This type of syllabus needs a specific group of learner s, for instance, when it comes to English for Specific Purpose (ESP) courses. In them are particular groups, such as, Business English learners, engineering English learners or medical English learners. These groups of learners will be suitable for this kind of syllabus.6.3. AssessmentSince, the goal of a notional-functional syllabus is to improve the communicative language ability of learners, in other words, their ability to use language in their communications. There seems, therefore, to be no need for formal estimation. The reason is that the assessment will focus on the way in which learners can achieve this ability through expressing concepts such as, possibility or affirmation. For instance, in the case of business English courses, the assessment is based on the learners performance in communicative language with customers that is, how well they can communicate with their customers for instance, in making requests or offering business.ConclusionSyllabuses in the language tea ching domain have varied in their goals and procedures. The traditional ones are structural or grammatical, with a focus on finding ways of learning the grammar of the target language. But this syllabus neglects ways of acquiring competence in communicative language. Hence, as can be seen in the above, the notional-functional syllabus emerged as a way for learners to improve their communicative abilities which would be motivated through its basic communicative functions. It all depends on what we use language to do. Furthermore, we can desist that the notional-functional syllabus is based on the learners needs, which are discovered through a needs analysis strategy. This syllabus has two main aspects functions which deal with such the communicative abilities as, requesting, grading, arguing and expressing feelings and notions related, for example, to space, location, time and quantity. It is noted, however, that the main in designing this kind of syllabus comprise first, the situat ions in which learners will use the target language, broken down into the place, the time and people who engaged in these situations second, the topics which are found in every day communication, such as, asking for directions, offering help or shopping. Admittedly, the notional-functional syllabus possesses negatively charged as well as positive aspects. Some of the positive aspects are its focus on communicative factors as a starting point and in its high motivating power, because it enables learners to express their ideas and feelings more easily. Moreover, all types of function could be covered in functional- notional syllabuses, not solely the typical language functions which might emerge in certain situations. It is noted, however, that some of the negative aspects which are highlighted in the present paper are the difficulties in selecting and grading, the functions and forms and there lack of compatibility between function and form, because, in order to decide which functio n is being explained, we need to know about the context. Furthermore, needs analysis strategy is not identified clearly, because the identification of learns needs only on the basis of intuition on the part of syllabus planners.We could see, however, that the notional-functional syllabus has been influenced heavily by functional and communicative views of language and condition-oriented theories of learning. Finally, we can close down that, although this kind of syllabus has some limitations, it is widely used in many countries, because it is effective for learners with special purposes, such as, learners of ESP ( English for specific purposes).